Sexualisation of women in the music industry free essay sample

Sexualisation is a way that mass media, celebrities or advertising can make young or old people, especially young girls, become more provocative in the way that they speak, dress and behave (BBC network, 2014). It can also force people to change in character, which is a growing concern. Sexualisation in our society has become extremely prevalent within the younger female gender. Some may dismiss this issue as no more than yet another moral panic situation between sexuality and young girls, but some see this as a serious subject and some of these people are in fact the girls being targeted (Church, 2014). The music industry with their music videos is one of the major influences contributing to the sexualisation of young girls. With the raunchy outfits and extreme sex appeal that music videos are displaying, gives an explanation for the increasingly sexualised behaviour with teen girls. There are many ways in which adolescent girls can be influenced by the sexualisation of the music industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Sexualisation of women in the music industry or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Ways such as, advertising clothing which is low cut, skimpy and sexually leading, masking young girls in makeup to make them look more attractive, and having a promiscuous outlook to the opposite sex at a young age. The constant contradiction between remaining innocent but looking visually irresistible to young males for young girls is becoming harder on account of the social normalities for youths in this generation. Are we putting too much undue pressure on young girls to look a certain way? When did this become an issue? Sexualisation in the music industry has been an issue since the early 1980’s when the television channel MTV was invented, and singers generated film clips to accompany their music (bright blue, 2013). Before music clips, the sexual element of the music was wrapped in the raunchy lyrics. Music videos started in 1981 when the pop hit ‘Physical’ by Olivia Newton John was released. This music video contains multiple women in tight, fluoro coloured spandex gym clothes, performing what you would see in a gym, only more sexualised, with the thrusting and ‘pornified’ dance moves (YouTube, 2013). OLIVIA NEWTON JOHN: â€Å"LETS GET PHYSICAL† It was around this time that women were tired of shaping their music around the typical ‘good-girl’ category of music video. They wished to explore their sexuality and have an impact on the audience by displaying their womanhood and independence, which is when young girls started to explore how they could use their body language as a way of enticement. (Mathers, 2014) They were trying to entice men into paying more attention to them as being more fit and active which subtly means that they would engage in sexual activity. This is backed up by her lyrics stating ‘There is nothing left to talk about, unless it is horizontally’. The lyric is referring to sexual behaviours. On June 4th 2013 the most controversial, sexualised, and raunchy film clip was released (YouTube, 2013). This was Miley Cyrus’ ‘We Can’t Stop’. The video contained Miley with a group of rebellious youths, causing mayhem and havoc in a mansion. In the majority of the video, Cyrus is wearing nothing but white contoured leggings and a skimpy white bra. Miley is also shot with her legs open, and the camera between her legs, this is suggesting sexual behaviour. Miley has billions of ‘tween’ admirers all around the world (Vevo, 2013) and for them viewing this sort of materials can brand an ideology in their minds of how they should be behaving. â€Å"Miley speaks out in a current interview and states â€Å"Girls should see me as a role model, I am cool, calm and have hit 150 billion views on YouTube† (Seventeen, 2014). She is using her status to gain fans and manipulate you into thinking she is correct in the way she thinks, speaks, and acts. Both Miley and Olivia have referred to sexual conducts and displayed raunchy and suggestive danicing which can be seen as a lack of respect for themselves and also a generalisation that most girls in the muic industry are behaving this way. Have artists tried to contradict the sexualisation in music videos? 28-year-old British pop diva Lily Allen has made a living off of slamming pop culture, and in her new music video ‘Hard Out Here’ she makes a mockery of the music industry and how girls are behaving in music videos. (BBC network, 2014) The potty-mouthed princess makes several comments on how â€Å"she doesn’t have to shake her behind because she has half a brain† or â€Å"Dress like a hooker to attract a good looker†. These lyrics of the song reflects on the ways that she is dressed throughout the clip, she is in all black, yet she isn’t showing an inch of her own body although she is surrounded by the typical slack hussies who have barely anything on except having their genitals covered (Clips,2014) The girls around her are all dancing and moving in an inciting way to attract male attention, all the while making fun of women who feel this is acceptable. At one point in the video, Lily and her group of dancers are suggestively eating bananas, insinuating sexual behaviour (Independent,2014). Lily is sending a very important message to young girls, she is saying that this behaviour is non realistic and too sexualised for young girls who have impressionable mind to be viewing. The suggestive behaviours and the raunchy dance moves, are ways that she feels young girls of today’s music video industry are tyring to strive to be like. Do teenage girls in reality, feel the pressure or the need to behave or look like the women in music videos? According to the surveys that were conducted, targeted at year 11 and 12 students, one hundred per cent of the applicants, answered no to â€Å"whether or not they feel they have to behave this way. † This survey response indicates that girls in high school, don’t feel the pressures of looking like a girl in a music video, some commented on how â€Å"it is an unrealistic expectation of what we are expected to look like. † Fifty per cent of the surveyors said that they don’t feel the need to â€Å"parade themselves† as sexual beings to attract the opposite sex. This proves that half the demographics do not see the importance of sexual attraction or making themselves centre of attention while with the opposite sex. The girls that I surveyed were older teenagers between the ages of seventeen and eighteen, and these people were all for Lily Allen’s campaign for slamming the sexualised music videos. This shows that the older girls realise, the ideology of being ‘perfect’ does not exist, and these women shown in these videos are not ‘realistic†. In conclusion, the music industry is sexualising older teenage girls to a minor extent. According to the surveys, the older girls don’t feel that they have to display every inch of their body to be considered attractive, and most didn’t see having male attention as an important social standing to have. To the older teens in actuality, music videos are seen as false and a fake depiction of adolescent girls in reality. Lily Allen has made more or an impact on our generation, making girls embrace how they look, how much they weigh and not letting male attention become something to fear about. Idols like Miley are fooling impressionable young minds into what real women are like, and her depiction, is far from reality.

The Order of Importance of the Five Senses from Most Important to Least - 1391 Words

The Order of Importance of the Five Senses from Most Important to Least - 1391 Words The knowledge that human beings need to understand the operations of the outside world depends on their modes of sensitivity. As such, the human sensory organs are categorized into vision, hearing, taste, touch and smell. The sense organs are made of specialized cellular configurations that accept specific stimuli. The senses are all critical in the functioning of human receptions to stimuli. However, the measure of importance of every sense organ differs. In this regard, the sight is the most imperative sensory organs followed by hearing. Touch comes in thereafter since it also plays a critical role in determining the effects of soreness as well as necessitation of therapeutic attention. Further, scent and flavor verify the availability of aroma in food and the sweet, acerbic, astringent as well as saline flavors respectively. Sight The extent of the eye sensitivity is extraordinary. On this note, the eyes play fundamental roles in providing individuals with opportunity of viewing a ll the physical features of the ecosystem. In essence, the functions of the eye surpass the roles of other intelligences. The sight is instrumental in relaying data on the daily life occurrences to the body.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Order of Importance of the Five Senses from Most Important to Least specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Doubtlessly, many people recognize that in almost every activity carried out by individual be it reading, watching, inscribing correspondences among other countless functions. In addition, the sight plays a vital function in enabling the survival of people in the environment since they are able to see the dangers and run into safety. Further, studies show that many individuals dread amaurosis than other disabilities. Hearing Perception of sound is fundamental role in individual aptitudes and amusements such as music and verbal communication. In the modern society, verbal commun ication is attributed to the intelligence of listening. Even though there has been development of visual communication means such as typing, many people use the language of listening Actually, the sense of hearing enables the collection, progression as well as inferring the reverberations continuously with unconscious exertions. On this note, the sense of hearing should not be taken for granted. The growth and quality of an individual’s life originate primarily from the listening capability. As such, communication is possible through listening to others. In addition, through hearing, an individual is capable of receiving admonitions about hazardous situations and deal with such life challenges, Touch The sense of contact is essential in becoming aware of the diverse surfaces as well as temperatures. In essence, the skin through its sensory receptors is significant in the detection of different sensations ranging from soreness to pulsations. Therefore, the sense of touch is vi tal in circumventing the bodily harms acquired through the daily links with the surroundings. Smell The sense of smell is fundamental in creating an environment where animals are capable of tracking their food as well as finding their mates. However, many individuals pay little attention to smell since it has insignificant effects on the operations of individuals.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For instance, there are people who do not love the scent emanating from garbage, pollution and sewage. On the same note, pregnant women are allergic to certain smells that make them sick. On the contrary, there are people who love the scent of flowers and cooking. Therefore, one would leave without the sense of smell. Taste Just like other senses, taste plays a significant role in the provision of body nourishment through prompting the salivary glands and the digestive juices. Howev er, doing without the sense of taste is ideal for eliminating obesity since the individuals would lose the appetite for tasting food regularly. Further, lack of the sense of taste is inconsequential since flavor enhancers such as monosodium glutamate have been developed to counterbalance the predicament. The differences between Night Terrors and Nightmares Nightmares and night terrors are frightening happenings that occur at different stages of the sleep cycle exhibiting dissimilar signs. Just to begin with, nightmares are horrid imaginations that occur during the REM phase of sleep. In addition, the occurrence comes about because of stress, illness, eating before going to sleep as well as dozing in uncomfortable pose. The nightmares are rampant in older children above five years. The nightmares scare the person experiencing the dream. Further, an individual is able to memorize the occurrence of the nightmare since it occurs in the REM sleep that has its longest periods during the e arly morning hours. In essence, the nightmares are mostly experienced during the dawn hours. On the contrary, night terrors are horrible occurrences that take place during the non-REM sleep cycle. In other words, the night terrors are common and are experienced during the first hours of slumber. Night terrors are characterized by screaming, sweating and staring in the dead of the night. In addition, the individuals experiencing the night terrors are unable to remember the particulars of the night fright. In essence, the behaviors emanating from night terrors scare the people who witness the occurrence. Moreover, night terrors are common in children between the ages of two to six years. The causes of night terrors range from sleep deficiency to inconsistent sleep programs. Types of behaviors occur during stage four NREM The stage four of non-rapid eye movement is a slow-wave phase of sleep characterized by intense deep sleep. In this stage, the body tissues are repaired and rejuvenat ed. In addition, the bones and the body muscles as well as resistance systems are strengthened. Further, shorter periods of slumber are experienced by the older generations.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on The Order of Importance of the Five Senses from Most Important to Least specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Personality development Personality development is a continuous process involving the accumulation of an individual’s life pronouncements that lead to the progress of individuality. As such, aspects of genetics as well as environmental influence the way individual personality grows. However, hereditary factors play a greater role concerning the development of individuality. Just to start with, the initial development of a person begins from the exchanges of sperm and ova that contain the inherent make-ups necessary for life development. In other words, the genes contain the instructions that dictate the advancement of personality. For example, through genetic interactions, the genes compete for dominance and as a result affect development of individual. Further, traits such as height, shyness, temperament, and love for adventure as well as intellectual advancement are affected by the hereditary characteristics from parents. Worth noting, genetic abnormalities such as the Down syndrome have the effect hearing and heart defects as well as intellectual impairments. Clearly, hereditary attributes greatly manipulates personal development compared to the environmental traits. The possibility that loud, steady noise-like the hum of the city increasing the chances of developing a mental illness and Physical health problems like a heart attack.  Loud noise has adverse effects to an individual’s healthiness as well as welfare. In other words, ensuring an environment that does not pose threats to the well-being of individuals ensures domestic tranquility. Increased noise pollution ha s the effect of initiating poor physiologic as well as mental performance in fit individuals. For instance, continuous noise interrupts sleep. Further, noise exposes people to increased vasoconstrictions and changes in the rate of body movements. The incessant noise has negative effects on the sensitive groups such as the elderly leading to mental disorientations. Further, the loud sounds trigger the hormonal and nervous reactions that initiate increases in the heartbeat rate and blood pressure thereby intensifying the peripheral resistance on the cardiac walls. Such occurrences pose the threats of heart attacks. Electrical shock and Human Beings Giving a deadly electrical shock to another individual has severe physiological effects to the individuals. Therefore, performing the electrical astound to another individual would be detrimental. Just to begin with, the body experiences muscular contractions, unconsciousness as well as the fibrillation of the heart. As a result, the contra ctions of the muscles initiate complexity in inhalation.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In essence, electric shocks are lethal due to the heat that is produced by the flowing current. As a result, the epidermis is unable to provide the required resistance to the current thereby causing burns to the skins. Another danger associated with electrical shocks is the interruptions in the heartbeats thereby posing the threats of cardiac arrests. Moreover, the electrical shocks are associated with the irregular responses of the heart muscles that ultimately lead to death. The body damages associated with the burns from severe electrical shocks discharge noxious toxins that eventually lead to loss of life.

Carillon Tower Design and Construction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Carillon Tower Design and Construction - Essay Example A client may select a specific site for a tower, or look for the advice of the architect. The architect carries out a complete site analysis before beginning any design. The architect illustrates and documents the topography, climatic conditions, traffic and roadways, landscape features, existing buildings, solar orientation, and pedestrian access in different plan views of the site. This site data is studied carefully alongside the objectives of the project in order to determine the best orientation and location of the tower (Sutt et al. 2013). ii. Appropriate listening area isolated from noise and traffic, accessibility, quality of views and landscape, ample distance from tower as a function of tower height, accessibility of seating, and other amenities that boost the listening experience. iii. Impact on neighboring community- (Negative: potential â€Å"nuisance† element of unrestrained sound, positive: a source of community pride and symbolism.). Through site examination, the architect may notice that a present tower has some faults with regard to siting or an area preferred by the client is not the best site for the tower. The architect is obliged to advice the client accordingly in this regard. Before arriving at a final decision, all parties must comprehend the pros and cons of prospective sites. The actual design of the tower can begin once a site is agreed on and the framework for the tower is identified (Sutt et al. 2013). During past years, many towers were made of masonry construction-brick or stone walls often with brick for most of the wall thickness and stone on the outside. These types of towers effectively resisted both axial and lateral loads because of their sheer mass. The introduction of reinforced concrete technology in the last century enabled the construction of beam frames and rigid concrete

Water Movie Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Water Movie - Essay Example s taken to a holy city of Baranas to live with other elderly widows where she is destined to spend the rest of her life although she keeps hoping that her mother would come and take her home. Another character in the movie is Kalyani, a young widow who falls in love with Nayaran, a follower of Gandhi, and she is presented with the dilemma of keeping the Hindu tradition or marrying him. The movie therefore explores the fate of the young widows and their struggle to remain afloat in the deep waters of the Hindu tradition and religion. In this paper, the film water (2005) will be used to identify and discuss the various intercultural communication concepts. The film water (2005) offers a controversial presentation of stereotypes in the Hindu culture. Widows are considered as unlucky and cursed members of the Hindu society and culture. According to the Hindu religion and culture, widows are the Zamindar prostitutes. They are confined to the widow dorm, exploited and have nowhere to go to. Chuyia hopes that her mother would come to take her away from the widow dorm but this is not the case because she is bound by the Hindu culture and she only has three options at her disposal; to remarry her dead husband’s brother, to die on the husbands pyre or to commit her entire life into celibacy. She is violated, abused and misused in the Zamindar where she is sent for child prostitution. One of the more rational widows, Shakuntala feels sorry for her, arranges to get her out of the suffering of the widow house, and entrusts her under the care of Gandhi. Kalyani, another widow falls in love with Nayarana and agrees to marry him. She however commits suicide in shame upon realizing that she had been his father’s prostitute. The roles of Kalyani as the woman who commits suicide as a way of escaping the cruel cultural norms and the other widows as those who conforms to the rules of culture and religion represents the social stereotypes in the movie. On the other hand, the

DISCUSS HOW YOU HAVE PROVIDED PERSON-CENTRED CARE FOR A SERVICE USER, Essay

DISCUSS HOW YOU HAVE PROVIDED PERSON-CENTRED CARE FOR A SERVICE USER, INCORPORATING PROFESSIONAL, LEGAL OR ETHICAL ISSUES UNDERP - Essay Example For the best functionality, service providers are expected to be experienced in handling patients on an individual level. In the case of dementia we take into account their needs to be attended to for basic activities like bathing. As clinicians we deal with patients as unique in their demands and study them each time for new features which are not in the other service users and that may call for special attention. We ought to seek their consent to whatever activities we undertake for them. For purposes of ethics for example we need to ensure that our services users not only receive those services but that they are comfortable with them. When addressing the woman in this case we ensure that she likes her food and that she is comfortable taking it. She is given her bath at a nurse’s discretion and under the best hygienic facilities available. Her medication is administered to her accordingly. We make sure that she is attended to by the nurse she seems to feel most comfortable w ith. This we do by studying her facial expressions and the comments she mumbles to the best of our ability. We try to interpret that when addressing her needs. When necessary, service providers avail themselves at the homes of their patients to tend them there. This happens especially where the patient is not comfortable at the clinical facility and prefers to stay at home. Some service users for example require home care by clinical staff. They may demand more time in order to keep them well balanced emotionally and to avoid loneliness(Brown, McCormack, B., 2005). In the case of dementia and any other psychological treatment process are more involving than in cases of physical treatment. A psychological patient requires attention most of the time and may take longer to heal as compared to physically ailing patient. This is because psychological treatment involves the clinicians own psychological self so that their jobs become more stressful. Treating the physically frail persons on ly involves their physical dimensions and is thus less stressful. It is evident that we at the facility should thereforeoffer close watch on our patient from the condition of her health. Since she does not have relatives, the woman requires close company to ensure that she feels as secure as possible. Her condition is complicated further by her faith that she complies to. In the event that her faith collides with medical practices, we should respect her opinion and ensure she is treated in accordance with the codes that follow for persons under dementia. It is legally wrong to let her suffer lack of treatment for the sake of belief and the facility may be allowed to make reasonable decisions that are useful for her health. This implies as an ethical and legal fact since her condition does not dictate rational decision making. We should exercise empathy by taking the position of the patient. We should inquire from themselves what they would do in the event that they were in the patie nt’s situation. They use such methods to find solutions and give the best services to patients. We should lean on the patients’ side to treat them with dignity and respect. Staff should have a positive attitude in handling patients for efficiency. They should reflect responsiveness and care in order to build stronger

Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment Case Study

Malignant Hyperthermia Treatment Case Study In this scenario, there is a 35 year old female patient who develops malignant hyperthermia during surgery. Malignant hyperthermia is an uncommon pharmacogeneric disorder that leads to the hypermetabolic reactions of the skeletal muscle. [Ben Abraham, et al, 1998, Britt, 1985, Hopkins, 2008]. Age, type of anesthetic, environmental temperature, mitigating drugs administered simultaneously and degree of stress play an important role in triggering malignant hyperthermia. [Ording, 1985]. Primarily, potent inhalation anesthetic agents and depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine are the major triggering factor amongst all the triggering factors. Malignant hyperthermia can happen at any time during surgery especially after the induction of the anesthetic and in the early postoperative period. Besides that, there is a tendency of the recurrent of malignant hyperthermia as well. Even though hypermetabolic reaction of skeletal muscle will cause hyperthermia and rhabdomyolysis but fever is not the earliest symptom of malignant hyperthermia. The earliest signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia are increase in the end-expired carbon dioxide concentration (EtCO2), tachycardia and muscle rigidity (especially when succinylcholine is given). [Britt, 1985]. Furthermore, the late sign of malignant hyperthermia is elevation of the body temperature. [Ali et al, 2003; Britt,1985].The other signs and symptoms are unstable blood pressure, tachypnea, hyperkalemia and arrhythmia. According to Hogan, 1998 the estimated incidence of malignant hyperthermia during anesthesia in North America and Europe is 1:15000 anesthetics for children and adolescents and 1:50000- 1:150000 anesthetics for adults. [Hogan, 1998].All ethnic groups are affected with malignant hyperthermia and males are more prone to be affected compared to female. [Britt, 1976; Hopkins, 2008]. The mortality was around 80% thirty years ago and has been reduced to less than 10% with the introduction of the muscle relaxant dantrolene sodium, widespread education and clinical and research investigation. [Ali, 2003; MacLennan, 1990] Malignant hyperthermia is an inherited disorder where the calcium channel that mediates the excitation contraction coupling in skeletal muscle is mutated. As a result, the calcium channel is very sensitive to the anesthetic agents [Hopkins, 2008]. This will lead to the uncontrolled release of cytoplasmic calcium from the sarcroplasmic reticulum upon the induction of anesthetic agents [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. As a matter of fact, there is a continued interaction between actin and myosin with sustained muscle contraction [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. The manifestation of the signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can be explained by the increased release of the calcium. At first, this mechanism is compensated by the resequestion of calcium, which has lead to the breakdown of the adenosine trisphosphate (ATP) [Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. This will cause the stimulation of the metabolism and results in increased oxygen consumption, heat and carbo n dioxide production. The breakdown of the ATP causes the release of the potassium into the extracellular fluid results in hyperkalemia and this will lead to the development of cardiac arrhythmias. Besides that, the continuous contraction of the skeletal muscle due to the breakdown of the ATP will lead to the further production of heat. As a result, there will be a further increase of oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide and lactic acid production, which, will lead to metabolic acidosis [Britt, 1985; Hopkins, 2008; Rosenberg et al. 2004]. In addition, the increase of the production of heat will also increase the contractility of the skeletal muscle hence further worsening the rhabdomyolysis process. If malignant hyperthermia is untreated, it might lead to vital organ dysfunction, acute renal failure, disseminated intravascular coagulation, congestive heart failure and even death. In this scenario, since the patient developed malignant hyperthermia during surgery, thereby the management of malignant hyperthermia can be divided into emergency treatment and postoperative treatment. When there is an acute development of malignant hyperthermia during surgery, all triggering agents have to be discontinued and the patient has to be hyperventilated with 100% oxygen to lower the end tidal CO2 immediately. This is followed by administration of 2.5mg/kg dantrolene sodium intravenously every 5 minute until the signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia are under controlled. [Morgan et al. 2006]. The dose of dantrolene can be titrated up to 10mg/kg. [Gronert et al., 1976; Harrison, 1988]. The monitoring of blood gases, all serum electrolytes, muscle enzyme such as cretine kinase, clotting profile, blood and urine for myoglobin, blood glucose, lactate and urea nitrogen must be carried out frequently during the surgery. Sodium bicarbonate should be given to correct the me tabolic acidosis to the normal level. In addition, patient has to be closed monitored and anti-arrhythmic except calcium channel blocker can be given for arrhythmias. Cooling measures have to be initiated if there is the present of hyperthermia. Ice packs to groin, axilla, and neck, cooling blanket, and nasogastric lavage with iced solution can be used to cooling down the patient. The cooling measures have to be stop if the body temperature is at 38.5oC. In order to treat myoglobinaemia and thus acute prevent renal failure urine output and urine pH should be greater than 3ml/kg/h and pH7 respectively. [Hopkins, 2008]. This diuresis can be achieved by hydrating the patient with crystalloid solutions together with mannitol (0.3g/kg) and furosemide (0.5-1.0mg/kg). [Hopkins, 2008; Mary, 1998]. Hyperkalaemia which is life threatening can be treated with glucose, insulin, intravenous calcium and intravenous potassium chloride. [Britt, 1979; Hopkins, 2008]. Once the surgery is finished, the patient has to be moved to intensive care unit or recovery room until malignant hyperthermia is under controlled and the patient should be monitored closely. Since it is possible for the recrudescence of malignant hyperthermia, dantrolene should be continued giving to patient for at least 48 hours. [Flewellen, 1983; Rosenberg, 2004]. Several laboratory tests such as blood gases, electrolytes, coagulation profile, muscle enzyme, blood and urine for myoglobin should be assessed more frequently. [Hopkin, 2008]. At first, besides dantrolene, procainamide/ procaine was recommended to treat malignant hyperthermia. The use of procainamide/ procaine was due to the successful studies carried out by Harrison, 1971, Denborough, 1972 and Noble, 1973. The study carried out by Harrison, 1971 showed a successful treatment of malignant hyperthermia with large dose of intravenous procaine in 2 out of 5 Landrace pigs. However, the study from Gronert, 1976 showed that the recommendation dose of procaine/ procainamide was ineffective in preventing malignant hyperthermia of the 20 susceptible pigs. Study compared the effectiveness of dantrolene and procainamide conducted by Nelson, 1979 showed that procainamide did not block the contracture response to halothane and it is ineffective for therapeutic and as prophylaxis of malignant hyperthermia. Procainamide or procaine was not been used after all. Harrison, 1975 demonstrated that dantrolene can relax muscle rigor in pigs with malignant hyperthermia and ceased the excessive heat and acid production. The study showed 100% survival rate in the last seven of eight experiments. Besides that, based on Britt, 1984 that 79 patients who received dantrolene therapy showed a significant 16.56% reduction in mortally (p Dantrolene is now the only known therapeutic agent used to treat malignant hyperthermia. Dantrolene is a diphenylhydantoin derivative that is highly lipid soluble but poorly water soluble. [PMJ GG Harrison]. Dantrolene can be administered by oral route or intravenous route. Roughly, 70% of dantrolene is absorbed with the peak plasma concentration reached in 6 hours following the ingestion of dantrolene by mouth. From the experiment performed by Harrison 1975, oral dantrolene was effective in treating procaine malignant hyperthermia. Nevertheless, there is a great variation in the plasma concentration for the oral dantrolene especially in children. Dantrolene is formulated as lyophilized orange powder, which comprises of dantrolene sodium, mannitol and sodium chloride. These contents are dissolved in water to yield a solution with the pH of 9.5 for intravenous injection. Moreover, the additional of the mannitol is to improve the solubility since dantrolene is poorly water soluble and mannitol also acts as diuresis, which prevent the deleterious effects of myoglobinaemia. The biological elimination half life of dantrolene is 12 hours. As a result, after 12 hours the plasma concentration of dantrolene will be 4.2ÂÂÂ µg/ml with the administration of 2.4mg/kg body weight of dantrolene intravenously. [Allen et al, 1988; Muehlschlegel Sims, 2009]. Dantrolene is mainly metabolized in the liver through oxidation and reduction reaction. Oxidation and reduction of the dantrolene result in the production 5-hydroxydantrolene and aminodantrolene respectively. Aminodantrolene will then undergo acetylation leads to the formation of reduced acetylated derivative of dantrolene. The metabolites of the dantrolene are excreted in urine and bile with 79% of 5-hydroxydantrolene, 17% reduced acetylated derivative of dantrolene and 4% of the dose is excreted unchanged in the urine. [Dykes, 1975; Lietman et al, 1974]. Moreover, it has been stated that the metabolites of dantr olene especially 5-hydroxydantrolene has some muscle relaxant activity. [Ellis Wessels, 1978; Ali et al, 2003]. According to Malignant Hyperthermia Association (MHAUS) the recommended dosage of dantrolene is approximately 2-3mg/kg. [Schulte-Sasse]. It had been stated by Flewellen Nelson 1980 that, 95% of the skeletal muscle of swine was depressed with the administration of 3.5mg/kg dantrolene intravenously. In addition, clinical study showed that administration of 2.4mg/kg of dantrole intravenously was able to depress 75% of the skeletal muscle in human. [Flewellen et al., 1983]. The dose was proved to be effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia.[ Hall et al, 1980; Kolb et al, 1982]. Thus, for acute malignant hyperthermia crisis, 2.4mg/kg of intravenous dantrolene is effective in life-saving of treating malignant hyperthermia. [Harrison 1988; Allen et al. 1988; Flewellen et al., 1983]. The single dose of oral dantrolene that is currently given to patient is 1-2mg/kg four times a day.[ Pandit et al, 1979; Fitzgibbons, 1981]. However, it was found that this recommended dose of oral d antrolene was not effective in preventing malignant hyperthermia in human. [Fitzgibbons, 1981; Flewellen et al, 1983]. Administration of oral dantrolene has been recommended before the operation and after the malignant hyperthermia crisis to prevent the recrudescence. Besides administration oral dantrolene, dantrolene can also be given intravenously as a prophylaxis therapy after the crisis. [Flewellen et al, 1983]. The prophylactic continuous intravenous dose of dantrolene is approximately 2.4mg/kg. [Flewellen et al, 1983]. Dantrolene is a muscle relaxant, which, acts on skeletal muscle cell to inhibit the release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum. This will reduce the contractility of the skeletal muscle cell. According to Ellis,1973, the relaxant action of dantrolene acted directly and specifically on skeletal muscle but did not act on cardiac and smooth muscle. Besides that, dantrolene did not have any action on central nervous system. [Harrison,1988 Ellis, 1972]. Harrison and Chapman 1982, stated that the reduction in the amount and rate of calcium release by dantrolene is effective in preventing and reversing the pathophysiology of malignant hyperthermia in patient. In the experiment carried out by Harrison, 1975 has demonstrated that administration of dantrolene will cause a relaxation of the muscle rigor, cessation of the production of heat and acid. Based on the study carried out by Nelson, 1996 dantrolene is clinically effective in the treatment of malignant hyperthermia and showed a remarkable reduction in death and syndrome associated with malignant hyperthermia. When the syndrome of malignant hyperthermia was first noticed by the world during 60s, the rate of mortality was about 80%. The increasing awareness of syndrome with resultant in earlier diagnosis and treatment markedly reduced the mortality to 28% during 70s. With the introduction of the dantrolene, the rate of mortality reduced to 7%. [Harrison, 1988]. In addition, the experiment done by Harrison, 1988 showed that 100% survival rate was achieved with the administration of dantrolene. Long term administration of dantrolene orally is associated with some side effects such as hepatotoxicity and vomiting, which sometimes may be accompanied by diarrhea. [ Faling et al, 1980; Wilkinson et al, 1979]. However, the occurrence of hepatotoxicity is rare and several studies have been failed to prove whether hepatotoxicity is due to ingestion of dantrolene orally alone. [Flewellen et al, 1983; Dykes 1975; Durham et al, 1984]. As the reconstitution solution that is formulated for intravenous injection is highly alkaline, if extravasation occur it may irritate the vein which will lead to phlebitis and tissue necrosis. Therefore, dantrolene is recommended that to be injected into the large vein via a central venous catherter.[Ward et al, 1986; Muehlschlegel Sims, 2009]. Besides that, the mannitol that added to the dantrolene powder will cause osmotic diuresis with the loss of fluids and electrolytes. This will increase the risk of the patient who has poor renal function. [Bastro n,1983]. In addition, in the experiment that carried out by Flewellen and Nelson, chronic administered of dantrolene intravenously will result in difficulty in walking especially down stair. Muscle weakness lasting up to 48hours in 12 malignant hyperthermia subjects and associated with difficulty in walking, especially down stairs. [Flewellen Nelson,1983]. In the clinical studies that performed by Flewellen and Nelson and Oikkonen and his colleagues, patients were experienced fatigue and difficulty in swallowing accompanied to the long term administration of continuous intravenous dantrolene.[ Flewellen Nelson, 1983; Oikkonen et al, 1987]. The other common side effects of administered of dantrolene are dizziness, light-headedness, drowsiness, weakness, malaise and nausea. [Ward et al, 1986; Dkyes, 1975]. There is an adverse interaction of dantrolene when co-administration with verapamil. Co-administration of dantrolene and verapamil will cause hyperkalaemia and depression of the cardiac contractility. [Rubin Zablocki,1987; Saltzman et al, 1984]. The studies carried out by Lynch and colleagues and Saltzman and colleagues stated that administered dantrolene and verapamil concomitantly will cause remarkable hyperkaelemia and cardiac depression in dogs and swine. [ Saltzman et al, 1984; Lynch et al, 1986]. However, not all the calcium channel blockers will cause hyperkaleamia and the depression of cardiac contractility. Neither nifedipine nor amlodipine has significant of hyperkalaemia and depression of cardiac contractility when given together with dantrolene. [Freysz, 1996; Saltzman et al, 1984]. Besides having adverse effects and adverse interaction, another disadvantage of dantrolene is its cost. Dantrolene is an expensive drug, for intravenous dantrolene, it costs ÂÂ £15.08 per 20mg vial. As it is a huge amount of dantrolene are needed for immediate use, this has became an issue for some hospitals when purchase the dantrolene as dantrolene is very expensive especially intravenous dantrolene and dantrolene has a limited shelf life of 18 months to 2 years. [Allen et al, 1988; Hall, 1980]. In conclusion, malignant hyperthermia is uncommon life-threatening inherited disorder of the muscle cells. A sudden hypermetabolic reaction of the skeletal muscle when exposed to potent volatile anaesthetics and depolarizing muscle relaxants such as succinylcholine will endanger the patient by causing hyperthermia and massive rhabdomyolysis. Studies showed that appropriate dose intravenous dose of dantrolene is effective in treating patient during acute malignant hyperthermia crisis. Thus, 2.4mg/kg of dantrolene should be given intravenously during acute malignant hyperthermia crisis and continue giving 2.4mg/kg dantrolene after the crisis for 48 hours to avoid recrudescence of malignant hyperthermia. Besides, hypermetabolic reaction and the mortality rate of malignant hyperthermia can be reduced by taking precautions and increasing the awareness of patient who is malignant hyperthermia susceptible. With appropriate counseling, pre-operative screening and intraoperative monitoring th e vital signs and symptoms of malignant hyperthermia can prevent the potential lethal complications arise.

Analysis of Alice Walkers short story, Nineteen Fifty-five Essay

Analysis of Alice Walker's short fictional story, "Nineteen Fifty-five" Alice Walker's short fictional story, "Nineteen Fifty-five", revolves around the encounters among Gracie Mae Still, the narrator, and Traynor, the "Emperor of Rock and Roll." Traynor as a young prospective singer purchases a song from Mrs. Still, which becomes his "first hit record" and makes him rich and famous. Yet, he does not "even understand" the song and spends his entire life trying to figure out "what the song means." The song he sings seems as fictional as certain events in this story, but as historical as Traynor's based character, Elvis Presley. On one hand, the narrator chronologically describes historic events, which occurred during Elvis's life. Starting in 1955 when Traynor, just like Elvis, at age sixteen, started his career as a singer. Moreover, the narrator describes Traynor similarly to the way Elvis looked as a young boy, "about five feet nine, sort of womanish looking, with real dark and white skin and a red pouting mouth" with "black and curly" hair. Also they both appeared to look "like a Loosianna creole" and from south Louisiana. In the south, equally to Traynor, Elvis grew up around African people where he "learned to sing and dance." One year later in 1956 Traynor, performs on "channel 5" and like Elvis starting getting high around this time "looking half asleep from the neck up, but kind of awake in a nasty way from the waist down." Furthermore, when Elvis performed he would do the same "nasty little jerk" Traynor did, which fans screeched and screamed over. During 1957, the narrator points out that Traynor gave her a Cadillac in appreciation for selling him her song. Elvis did not give a Cadillac specifically t... ...e copied it "exactly" like he copied "someone else's record" he still did not have "a clue what marriage meant." The narrator later points out that there "couldn't be nothing worse than being famous the world over for something you don't even understand." Indeed, when on the Carson show Traynor says to Mrs. Still that his fans been squealing for yrs and they don't know what they squealing about, which made "no more sense than hogs." At the show, after the real person behind the song, Mrs. Still sang, the audience clapped "politely for about two seconds." Then once Traynor sand the "imitation" of the song the fans went wild and starting squealing. The fans seem to only cheer for something that is fake, just like when they "was crying and crying and didn't even know what they was crying for." Thus, explains why "one day this is going to be a pitiful country."