Conductivity and Conductive Elements

Conductivity and Conductive Elements Conductivity alludes to the capacity of a material to transmit vitality. There are various sorts of conductivity, including electrical, warm, and acoustical conductivity. The most electrically conductiveâ element is silver, trailed by copper and gold. Silver additionally has the most elevated warm conductivity of any component and the most elevated light reflectance. In spite of the fact that it is the best conduit, copper and gold are utilized all the more regularly in electrical applications since copper is more affordable and gold has an a lot higher consumption opposition. Since silver stains, it is less attractive for high frequencies in light of the fact that the outside surface turns out to be less conductive. With regards to why silver is the best conductor, the appropriate response is that its electrons are more liberated to move than those of different components. This has to do with its valence and precious stone structure. Most metals direct power. Different components with high electrical conductivity, are aluminum, zinc, nickel, iron, and platinum. Metal and bronze are electrically conductive compounds, instead of components. Table of the Conductive Order of Metals This rundown of electric conductivity incorporates composites just as unadulterated components. Since the size and state of a substance influence its conductivity, the rundown expect all examples are a similar size. Arranged by generally conductive to least conductive: SilverCopperGoldAluminumZincNickelBrassBronzeIronPlatinumCarbon SteelLeadStainless Steel Variables That Affect Electrical Conductivity Certain variables can influence how well a material behaviors power. Temperature: Changing temperature of silver or some other conductor modifies its conductivity. When all is said in done, expanding the temperature causes warm excitation of the molecules and diminishes conductivity while expanding resistivity. The relationship is direct, however it separates at low temperatures.Impurities: Adding a polluting influence to a conductor diminishes its conductivity. For instance, real silver isn't as acceptable of a conductor as unadulterated silver. Oxidized silver isn't as acceptable a conductor as clean silver. Polluting influences obstruct electron flow.Crystal structure and stages: If there are various periods of a material, conductivity will slow somewhat at the interface and might be not the same as one structure than another. The manner in which a material has been handled can influence how well it conducts electricity.Electromagnetic fields: Conductors create their own electromagnetic fields when power goes through them, with the attractive field opposite to the electric field. Outer electromagnetic fields can create magnetoresistance, which can slow the progression of current. Recurrence: The quantity of swaying cycles an exchanging electrical flow finishes every second is its recurrence in Hertz. Over a specific level, a high recurrence can make current stream around a conductor instead of through it (skin impact). Since there is no swaying and henceforth no recurrence, the skin impact doesn't happen with direct current.

Herman Melville, Bartleby, the Scrivener or Gail Godwin, A Sorrowful Essay

Innovation, Technology And Market Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Development, Technology And Market - Essay Example At the association's level, Roth asserts that imagination is a key utilitarian action in firms, similarly as advertising or account may be. Item innovativeness is then idea of as a standard activity like some other that organizations perform. Others propose (Tang, 1998) that innovativeness is a key continuance procedure for firms for the explanation that it encourages increasingly fast change to wasteful conditions. Imagination at that point turns into an essential pointer of a company's capacity to adjust to its condition (Drucker, 1994). In the course of recent decades, this recognition of innovativeness has gotten profoundly noticeable as mechanical and logical progression, especially in data and correspondence, progressively influences each part of individuals' lives. Imagination has obvious in addition to focuses for people and society all together. Not astoundingly, an incredible settlement of research has concentrated on imagination, especially over the most recent two decades. This theory assesses the innovativeness investigate, first looking to the related characteristics, aptitudes, impacts, and items, and afterward inside disciplinary points of view on inventiveness (e.g., natal, passionate, formative, authoritative). Extraordinary advancement is being finished in inventiveness examine, however more conversation between purposes of perspectives is suggested. Novel and basic regions of research are underlined, and a scope of advantages of imagination is talked. Abbreviations Terms Inventiveness and advancement are regarded to be key components for accomplishing the continued authoritative feasible favorable position in the new economy. Accordingly, associations require ceaselessly tolerating, developing, creating and improving. President Bush (2002) imagines that the strength of the US economy is set up on the inventiveness and business enterprise of the general population. Since it is restricted that workers' inventiveness makes a fundamental commitment to authoritative development, viability and proceeded with presence, there is a requirement for associations to make the hierarchical foundations that are generally useful to thought arrangement and innovative assessment. In different terms, for representatives to be inventive there must be a work environment that favors the procedure of creativity. As needs be, analysts and specialists have become increasingly more mindful in learning the ecological causes that includes shared, enthusiastic, discerning turn of events and work circumstances, good for imagination. Speculation and research advocate that when the representatives have a shared responsibility to their assignments and when they are given adequate assets to complete their work, the laborers will be naturally end up being inventive. Different segments of research found that workers would be inventive when their undertaking is mentally urgent; and when they are given a high level of autonomy and command over their own exertion. What's more, the writing unveils that authoritative help and evaluation of thoughts are required in order to empower innovativeness and that praises and extra advantages are mandatory to energize imagination and advance the inventive work setting (Jassawalla and Sashittal, 2000). On the other hand, when one moves away

Risks of Job Crafting and Relevance and Feasibility

Question: Depict about employment creating, advantages of occupation making, dangers of employment making and importance practicality. Answer: Occupation Crafting Occupation Crafting is the way toward overhauling the employments by the workers themselves to such an extent that activity fulfillment, commitment, flourishing and strength are encouraged out of the equivalent. Employment is characterized as the assortment of relational connections and errands which are allocated to an individual or gathering of individuals in an association so as to accomplish a particular objective or to achieve a thought process. Occupation crafters are the ones who use to change their communications and errands effectively as for that which are doled out or in the manner they should do (Wrzesniewski, 2013). Those occupations which have high level of watchfulness and self-sufficiency for the most part can bear the cost of more noteworthy making opportunity. Occupation making influences at least one of the four Ts-workers time, group, assignment and strategy. Occupation Crafting could be actualized in three different ways: By changing the extent of assignments by adjusting the limits of the particular errands by constraining or expanding the undertakings, i.e., growing or lessening it. Or on the other hand they could simply change the method of performing assignments. By changing the connections during work by the modification of degree or nature of associations with the others. By changing the best approach to see the assignments, i.e., by changing the perspective on appreciating the estimation of a similar undertaking in an alternate point of view. Advantages of Job Crafting In the event that the activity is made by the representatives, they feel progressively associated and sound for their work. Additionally, they are progressively OK with their own structures. This prompts the expansion in the inspiration and readiness in the workers (Tims, 2013). Not just for representatives, it could be helpful for the businesses just as they could improve the associations with others and therefore, the occupations could be completed in similarly progressively productive and powerful manners by similar workers. Dangers of Job Crafting Now and again the activity making could prompt significant level of commitment in work, which eventually prompts the breakdown of the representatives. They may wear out because of taking more assignments and it could additionally prompt increment in stress (Petrou, 2015). This outcomes into the diminishing in the exhibition over the long haul. The representatives with incredible feeling of calling might be profoundly associated with the work, which influences their work life balance, which influences the work meanwhile. Significance Feasibility I accept that the idea of occupation making is an intriguing idea that could assist with improving the profitability level of representatives. The procedure of re-planning the activity components ought to be especially increasingly helpful and significant in enormous associations when contrasted with little association. Additionally the directors should grasp the way that it doesn't imply that representatives are conflicting with their method of playing out a vocation, rather they are attempting to develop more open doors in a manner they could without debasing the general framework. The people and organizations are utilizing work creating to build the profitability at work place. With the idea of occupation creating, people can keep up the activity with their own desires. It adds to the opportunity and freedom of the activity. With this idea, the representatives are allowed to consider the activity from their own point of view. From an association point of view, it implies expanded profitability of representatives. In this way, work making makes a success win circumstance for the two representatives and bosses. Henceforth, work planning does influence and challenge the assortment of assignment, independence, essentialness of undertaking and once in a while even the character of errand. In any case, work creating results into positive results whenever done appropriately as it underpins the way that a similar work or new work advanced is done in a progressively arranged manner with which the representatives don't observe. It should be made in such a situation where it is worthy by all the degrees of the framework. References Petrou, P., Demerouti, E. what's more, Schaufeli, W.B., 2015. Employment making in evolving associations: Antecedents and suggestions for fatigue and performance.Journal of word related wellbeing psychology,20(4), p.470. Tims, M., Bakker, A.B. what's more, Derks, D., 2013. The effect of employment making on work requests, work assets, and well-being.Journal of word related wellbeing psychology,18(2), p.230. Wrzesniewski, A., LoBuglio, N., Dutton, J.E. what's more, Berg, J.M., 2013. Employment making and developing positive importance and personality in work.Advances in constructive authoritative psychology,1(1), pp.281-302.

Stalin`s Purges Essays - GermanySoviet Union Relations, Soviet Union

Stalin's Purges Not exactly a month prior to Hitler attacked Poland on September 1, 1939 and begun World War II, he marked a non-hostility settlement with Stalin. Under two a long time later, he broke the agreement and attacked the Soviet Union in the early morning long periods of June 22, 1941. There were a lot of proof for German animosity before the war broke out, yet Stalin by and by marked the agreement which contained the mystery convention that isolated Poland among Germany and the Soviet Association. The purpose behind marking the agreement were perplexing, yet one of the most significant ones were the local variables. Among them, the awful impact of the cleanses during the 1930s on the populace, economy and particularly the military. The cleanses were set off on December 1, 1934 with the homicide of Sergei Kirov. He was an individual from the Politburo, pioneer of the Leningrad party device and had impressive impact in the decision tip top. His anxiety for the laborers in Leningrad and his aptitude as a speaker earned him significant prevalence. Stalin utilized his homicide as an appearance for propelling a wide cleanse that would guarantee a huge number of casualties and have enduring repercussion felt right up 'til today. Stalin never visited Leningrad again and guided one of his generally horrible post-War cleanses against the city - Russia's notable window toward the West. No section of the general public was left immaculate by the cleanses. Any individual who caused the scarcest doubt was evacuated and various lawmaking body was ordered to help implement them. In 1935 a law was passed which brought down the time of criminal duty. That implied capital punishment could be applied to twelve-year-old youngsters (McCauley, p.93). There was additionally a frenzy reaction in the essential party associations to remove and uncover individuals so as to ensure oneself furthermore, to show watchfulness (Getty, p.213) The butcher of military started on 12 June 1937 when Tukhachevsky and some top armed force men were executed, at that point spread to bring down positions and afterward to political comissars. The nave was totally beheaded, every one of the eight naval commanders dying. Here's a grave rundown of the top dead: 3 out of 5 marshals, 14 out of 16 Army leaders Class I and II, 8 out of 8 Admirals, 60 out of 67 Corps Commanders, 136 out of 199 Divisional Commanders, 221 out of 397 Brigade Commanders (McCauley, p.95) In November 1939, Stalin requested an assault on Finland to move the boondocks further away from Leningrad after the Finns didn't consent to the concessions Soviets advertised. This campaign was a finished disaster. It cost the as of now crushed Red Army around 200,000 dead and more were injured, while just 23,000 Finns passed on (McCauley, p.101). A harmony settlement was marked on 12 March, 1940, however the ineptitude and shortcoming of the Red Army was uncovered to the remainder of the world. This is something Hitler documented it for sometime later. From that point forward, and confronted with expanding German hostility, Stalin couldn't hazard being entangled in a war. Hitler was in an incredible rush. An assault on Poland was planned for late August. Before the finish of July the Nazis understood that they should reach concurrence with the Soviets very soon if these plans were to be securely actualized. Hitler consented to follow through on the Soviet cost for an agreement. The open content of the Nazi-Soviet Pact was essentially an understanding of nonaggression and lack of bias, alluding as a point of reference to the German-Soviet lack of bias agreement of 1926 (Berlin Bargain). The genuine understanding was in a mystery convention which as a result divided not just Poland (along the line of the Vistula), yet a lot of Eastern Europe. To the Soviets were apportioned Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and Bessarabia; to the Nazis, everything toward the West of these areas, including Lithuania. Each of the two signatories was to ask the other no inquiries about the mien of its own ''circle of intrigue. This nonaggression agreement, combined with the exchange settlement and courses of action for enormous scope trade of crude materials and deadly implements, added up to a union. Conciliation in Eastern Europe would divert German hostility toward the west. Considering the grievous state of Russian powers achieved from inside and the serious issues of the economy, this was important for Stalin. As it were, by marking the Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Agreement, he was purchasing however much time as could reasonably be expected to attempt get ready for the inescapable. The unavoidable occurred on June 22, 1941. Molotov broke to the Russian individuals the inauspicious news about the German assault. Stalin, as though humiliated by the tragic breakdown of his

How to Write Yourself an Essay

How to Write Yourself an EssayWriting yourself an essay can be a difficult task, but it's definitely not impossible. One of the easiest ways to do this is to get the help of a friend or someone you know who has completed the same type of writing assignment before. Another tip for getting through the process is to use different writing software to make sure you understand what it takes to do the assignment effectively.When you are starting out with writing an essay, make sure you choose a topic that you have something to say about. You don't want to simply recite the facts of a situation without giving your opinion on it. This will come off as just plain boring people won't read your paper if they feel like they're not hearing anything worth reading.Keep your opinion to a minimum. Give the reader a way to form their own opinion about a specific situation without affecting the facts of it. Often times we feel we should give an opinion but it's far too late in the game to go over what w e felt was right or wrong. Instead, let the reader form their own opinion based off of the information that you have presented them with.Make sure you present accurate facts that relate to your topic. These facts should be based off of your feelings and what you think will help them in forming an opinion. Don't go to great lengths to tell them how you really feel. People already know how you feel and a lot of times that's enough for them.When you're trying to find an essay writing program, you may be having a hard time finding one that will allow you to customize your assignments so you can alter them in a way that suits you best. I had to write an essay a few months ago that covered a certain topic and I had to write it just like every other assignment I had before. If you don't know exactly what you want, it can be very difficult to find a program that will fit your needs. You'll need to make sure it has a lot of editing features to make it easier for you to get to your final pape r.Some people may not like how their essays look and it may appear rushed, but there is nothing more important than a finished product. By using different writing software, you'll be able to easily tweak your final essay so it looks different than it originally did. It doesn't have to be something that everyone will like, but it has to reflect who you are as a person.Who are you going to turn to when you are stuck on how to write myself essay? The people you respect and trust are the ones who have completed the same types of assignments before you.If you feel comfortable talking to a person who has completed the same type of assignment, talk to someone you trust who understands what you're going through. If you're not going to show them the document and have no idea how to write myself essays, it's never too late to start. It's something anyone can do, even you!

The Alienation of the Proletariat An Explanation and Critique of Marxs Theory of Estranged Labor - Literature Essay Samples

In a colloquial context, a state of ‘alienation’ is one in which an individual is excluded or isolated from a group with whom that individual belongs or should be involved (Merriam-Webster, 2015). However, in the context of Marxist theory, ‘alienation’ is the state of existence for an entire sector of in fact, the majority of society. This concept developed by Karl Marx, aptly named the Theory of Estranged Labor, explores the notion that, within a Capitalistic regime, the working class members of the labor force the proletariat, who comprise the majority of the population are intrinsically alienated due to the inherent lack of wealth distribution and equity present within an economic system based upon class hierarchy. As demonstrated by Marx’s 1844 text â€Å"Estranged Labor†, as well as critiques of this theory by Bertell Ollman (Alienation: â€Å"The Theory of Alienation†, 1976) and John Holloway (Historical Materialism: â€Å"A N ote on Alienation†, 1997), the process of labor, the product of labor, and the act of production interact with one another. These forces also function within the larger context of the class dichotomy between property owners and propertyless workers the bourgeois and the proletariat. Additionally, these interactions cause alienation of the proletariat, in a way that has a clear influence on both individuals and society at large. Through this exploration, as well as thorough examination of the rhetoric therein, it becomes possible to ascertain whether Karl Marx wrote â€Å"Estranged Labor† with the intent of developing a direct commentary on alienation in Capitalism as a perpetual struggle of the working class, or rather depicted alienation as a condition spanning throughout economic history. In his 1844 text Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts, Karl Marx discusses the concept of â€Å"estranged labor† in the context of labor relations and conditions within Capitalism. It is important, first, to understand the concept of Capitalism. Capitalism can most easily and formally be defined as â€Å"an economic and political system in which a countrys trade and industry are controlled by private owners for profit, rather than by the state† (Merriam-Webster, 2015). In his critique of Capitalism specifically in regard to the alienation the estrangement of the worker, Marx defines this concept of â€Å"estranged labor† as the process which occurs during the economic moment in which: â€Å"The worker becomes all the poorer the more wealth he produces, the more his production increases in power and size. The worker becomes an ever cheaper commodity the more commodities he creates† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 2). In this economic moment, the laborer the proletariat, as Marx will later define as the ‘working class’, the class of â€Å"propertyless workers† in contrast to the â€Å"property owners† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 1) exists as an object in a Capitalistic marketplace. The labor is external to the worker; he does not â€Å"develop freely his physical and mental energy†¦ He feels at home when he is not working, and when he is working, he does not feel at home. His labor is therefore not voluntary, but coerced; it is forced labor† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 5). Marx expands on this ideology by explaining that the laborer is, in fact, the object of the process of labor, and furthermore, the object of the product he creates. This occurs because the process of production as well as the product being produced and that products’ entrance into the economic marketplace is beyond the control of the laborer: â€Å" the object which labor produces†¦[exists] as something alien, as a power independent of the producer† (â€Å"Estranged Labor† Karl Marx, 2). The laborer is not the owner of the machinery necessary to produce the object, nor is he the designer of the product, nor the executive who settles the object’s sale or distribution. In this system of mindless labor, the labor which an individual produces is not his own object. He is simply performing a virtually inhuman act of assembly for the greater purpose of 1) the production of a good for another, and 2) a means of life or a â€Å"means of physical subsistence for the worker† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 3). The separation of the laborer from his production can be most clearly exemplified by the requirement of a laborer to purchase a product, which he has created, from the company under which he produced it, using the wages which he used to produce it. In this economic moment, the concept of à ¢â‚¬Å"estranged labor† becomes evident: the laborer is estranged from the object of his labor, and thus is estranged from not only the purpose of his labor, but also his sense of self within the bounds of his role within the means of production in a Capitalistic system. The object is alien to the laborer. This fact exemplifies the intrinsic concept that the laborer himself loses value as a human and as a member of society in direct proportion with the increasing value of the objects of his labor (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 2). In this way, the worker is dependent on labor more than labor is dependent on the worker; the worker is an object of the act of production. Furthermore, the laborer is forced to view his labor as â€Å"an object which he can obtain only with the greatest effort and the most irregular interruptions† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 3). He is forced to value this exploitative labor more than the owner of his labor values him . He must appropriate the external, sensuous world through the separation of himself from his activity, taking on activity belonging to another, instead of a â€Å"spontaneous activityof the human imagination, of the human brain and the human heart, [operating] independently on him† causing him to further lose his sense of self (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 3). Perhaps in this circumstance, assimilation is a more fitting term than appropriation, as he is a member of a marginalized group who must take on the standards of another in order to comfortably survive in system in which he is doomed to failure. As a result of this loss of his sense of self and ultimately a loss of his sense of humanity in the context of species-characteristics (freely active, self-separating actions and activities based in individuality and willful choice) the laborer: â€Å"only feels himself freely active in his animal functions eating, drinking, procreating, dwelling, etc., and in his human functions he no longer feels himself to be anything but animal. What is animal becomes human and what is human becomes animal† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 5). These facets of estrangement including alienation from the object, alienation from oneself, and alienation from humanity/human species-characteristics (and nature, therein) provide the framework for classifying estrangement of labor within Capitalism as a fact within the boundaries of the laws of political economic theory. This then raises the question: who owns the labor, if not the worker? Marx explains that it must â€Å"belong to some other man†¦ If the worker’s activity is a torment to him, to another it must give satisfaction and pleasure. Not the gods, not nature, but only man himself can be this alien power over man†. In this vein, it is necessary to deduce that â€Å"someone else is the master of this object, someone who is alien, hostile, powerful, and independent of [the worker]† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 9): this other is, of course, the â€Å"property owner†; the â€Å"Capitalist†; the bourgeoisie. This other who behaves a sort of malevolent god-character requires the worker to â€Å"performservice, under the domination, the coercion† of him (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 9). In this context, the laborer is not only a slave to his labor, to his wages, to capital, and to the Capitalistic system, but also ultimatel y a slave to another man. This, in itself, is â€Å"the real soul of production† (â€Å"Estranged Labor†, Karl Marx, 10). Marx’s critique and discussion of the economic system of Capitalism and its downfalls has been studied, analysed, and built upon by many Communist-oriented sociologists over the course of the century and a half subsequent to the release of â€Å"Estranged Labor†. These analyses have frequently produced the same question, one which Marx himself did not explore: â€Å"is the position of the estranged laborer within Capitalism one of struggle, or that of a condition?†. Two notable Marxist scholars, John Holloway and Bertell Ollman, raised this question, and responded to it with very different interpretations of Marx’s thoughts and theory. Holloway’s text â€Å"A Note on Alienation†, published in the anthology Historical Materialism in 1997, suggests that there are two standard approaches to considering and interpreting alienation. First, in the scope of humans as objects which suffer under Capitalism, we are the victims of capital, but second, in the scope of alienation as a condition, transcending alienation is possible. He continues to say, however, that a third interpretation exists: â€Å"not a condition, but a process†¦ a constant struggle†. He claims that, within Marx’s text on estranged labor, there is an overarching narrative of the importance of understanding alienation in terms of activity† (â€Å"A Note on Alienation†, John Holloway, 147). He continues on to express his belief that, if alienation is in fact an activity, the laborer himself is creating his own alienation within capitalism, because capital depends on labor. In fact, â€Å"Alienation is not an aspect of class struggle: it is the struggle of capital to exist† (â€Å"A Note on Alienation†, John Holloway, 148). Holloway’s solution, then, to the concept of alienation within Capitalism and the ultimate end-goal of reaching a state of disalienation is found in his claim that â€Å"disalienation is h ere now, in our existence as insubordinate labor, in our existence not only within, but against, capital† (â€Å"A Note on Alienation†, John Holloway, 148). This approach to the concept of alienation is problematic at best. It presupposes not only that a predetermined future exists in which alienation will no longer affect the working class, but makes the claim that modern society has reached a point at which the proletariat class is able and willing to self-separate from capitalism in order to cause its fall, not with a revolution, but with sheer power of will and dedication. Holloway writes from a position of privilege in this regard, as this interpretation of â€Å"Estranged Labor† completely disregards the actual and realized struggle of the proletariat: laborers trapped within a system which dehumanizes and devalues them, but allows them the means of life. To suppose that an individual let alone a society should relinquish access to existence as well as ba sic security (regardless of how small it may be) is idealistic at best, and an aloof, ideological, elitist recommendation from a member of the bourgeoisie appropriating the proletariat struggle at worst. Bertell Ollman’s interpretation of Marx’s â€Å"Estranged Labor† focuses instead on alienation as a condition which exists in the present, but has the capacity to be overcome in the future. Ollman considers the condition of the proletariat through the lens of a medical analogy: â€Å"Without some knowledge of the future millennium, alienation remains a reproach that can never be clarified†¦ We only know what it is to have a particular disease because we know what it is not†¦ as the absence of one is a necessary element in the measuring of the other. When we declare someone ill, we consider this a statement of ‘fact’ and not an evaluation based on an outside standard. Similarly†¦ Marx posits an internal relation between the states of alienation and unalienation. There is no ‘outside’ standard from which to judge† (â€Å"The Theory of Alienation†, Bertell Ollman, 3). We therefore cannot consider alienation to be a struggle, rather than a condition, because for a society which has transcended from feudalism to capitalism, there is no basis or example of a disalienated state, leaving nothing to compare a â€Å"struggle† against, or to model a basis of transcendence upon. He continues to explain that all individuals within a capitalistic system, whether of the bourgeoisie or the proletariat, are affected by alienation, and the â€Å"tag ‘realm of estrangement’ is applied to the most infected areas† (â€Å"The Theory of Alienation†, Bertell Ollman, 3). Ollman explains that the affliction of the proletariat within the Capitalistic regime is extremely oppressive and alienating, and that tho se facts need not be invalidated through theorization that laborers have not yet reached a state of enlightenment in which they are able to fully realize their ‘ability to walk away’, as implied by Holloway. He presents the end of a system of estrangement and alienation much more closely related to Marx’s commentary in â€Å"Estranged Labor† by theorizing that Communism will not reunify the severe estrangement that has been caused by institutionalized and systematic alienation of the proletariat, but will rather give all men the opportunity to reach the â€Å"complete return of man to himself a social being a return become conscious, and accomplished with the entire wealth of previous development†¦ [Communism] is the positive transcendence of all estrangement† (â€Å"The Theory of Alienation†, Bertell Ollman, 8). Marx’s text much more clearly aligns with Holloway’s interpretation, paving the way for a self-guided and focused concept of the result of transcendence from Capitalism. These texts, working together, provide a clear and present theory of what is at stake when considering the alienation of labor as a condition. In this consideration, the future of Communism as a regime is ‘at stake’, or at least put into question. The concept that there is no predetermined future for the transition from a Capitalist to a Communist regime is, though most realistic, perhaps a dangerous ideology. The lack of a plan or system of governance in a Communist society could potentially cause the downfall of Communism; this has been proven in red-state China, as well as in the USSR. Without a clear path, a Communist system can easily be overtaken and exploited by fascism. However, an accurate interpretation of the Theory of Estranged Labor is, indeed, the first direct and appropriate step toward the eventuality of a disalienated Communist state based upon justice, inherent humanity, and equality.

George Orwell s Brave New World - 938 Words

Comparison of Two Governments What are the main differences and similarities in how the government in the novel 1984 and the government in the novel Brave New World control the citizens of their society? Both government are tyrannical types of governments with total control over their people. The two novels have many differences and similarities in the methods the government uses to control the people, they use methods such as psychological manipulation, torture, emotional oppression, and t. The first method of control is torture. Torture is defined as inflicting severe pain on someone. This is mostly relevant in George Orwell’s 1984. The reason why the government in 1984 uses torture as a method of control is because it is a way for them to change a person’s behavior and even thought process. In the novel the person being tortured is Winston Smith, and the reason they torture him is to get a confession out of him. In the end the torturing wins as Winston confesses to e verything and eventually betrays his lover Julia. The only real torture in the novel Brave New World is self-torture done by John the Savage to try to cleans himself of corruption. So, the government in brave new world does not actually use torture as a method of control. When Winston Smith is tortured it shows that physical harm is a way that the government can manipulate and control their people. The second method of control is psychological manipulation. Psychological manipulation is the act of changingShow MoreRelatedGeorge Orwell s Brave New World1601 Words   |  7 Pagesto predict what the future holds for our society. If one was to narrow their focus on the past century they would see the works and predictions of Aldous Huxley and George Orwell. Both Huxley and Orwell, as one could infer, composed novels that describe future societies and their inner workings. Aldous Huxley, author of Brave New World, where members of society originate from a lab and who’s lives are pre-determined by the controllers. The controllers of Huxley’s futuristic society’s fundamental goalRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World Essay1704 Words   |  7 PagesIn the novels ‘Nineteen Eighty-Four’ and ‘Brave New World’, George Orwell and Aldous Huxley present the conflict between individuality and conformity as a key theme of their dystopian societies, inspired by the totalitarian governments of the early twentieth century. This idea is reflected in critic Jenni Calder’s argument that ‘the striking feature of society in both the novels is uniformity and lack of individualism’. In the novels this conflict is presented through the portrayal of state controlledRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World1279 Words   |  6 Pagesa generation. George Orwell wrote â€Å"1984† in response to the impeding totalitarianism of the Soviet Union over Europe on the cusp of WWII after having experience t he regime first hand in Spain. â€Å"1984† displays the fears of living under a totalitarian society along, warning readers not to become mindless followers to the government and to question authority figures along with the order of things. Similarly, â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley was written partially in response to the new improvementsRead MoreGeorge Orwell s The Brave New World1791 Words   |  8 PagesIn both texts, Nineteen Eighty-Four and Brave New World it is clear from the start the societies show a heavy reliance on state control as a means of maintaining the dystopian civilizations. George Orwell’s Nineteen Eighty-Four is a powerful presentation of a dystopian society under the influence and control of a totalitarian government. Orwell uses the character of Winston as a vehicle to explore the extent of the governments’ oppressive techniques. Through clever use of free indirect speech asRead MoreGeorge Orwell And Aldous Huxley s Brave New World1621 Words   |  7 PagesIt may be hard to imagine what the future may seem to hold, but George Orwell and Aldous Huxley were able to do so and show us by basing their futuristic stories loosely on the history of the two diverse societies of The United States and Soviet Russia. Yet, the societies in each book disavow history for the most part. Psychological manipulation and physical control as a means of maintaining its power over the people is explored in both books. They also forewarn about the dangers of totalitarianRead MoreGeorge Orwell s Brave New World And 19841537 Words   |  7 PagesAldous Huxley and George Orwell address the major oppressive issues by composing futuristic dystopian novels. Their societies, whether it be London or Oceania, were created in order to emphasize humanistic values. In the novels Brave New World and 1984, the authors display the resemblances and disparities of modern ideals. Both of Huxley and Orwell’s viewpoint of relationship s, technology, and brainwashing reveal the underlying theme that a totalitarian state is dangerous; displaying them in variousRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World 1447 Words   |  6 PagesThe three books, â€Å"1984†, â€Å"Brave New World†, and â€Å"Candide† all encapsulate similar dystopian elements but attack the issues at totally different angles. In â€Å"1984,† Orwell uses Big Brother and the thought police to keep control and reins on the middle and upper class, while the proles are left to themselves because they are not feared to rebel. In â€Å"Brave New World,† the citizens of the World State are scientifically created and programed to be happy and content with their status in the society. SomaRead MoreAnalysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World 1087 Words   |  5 PagesTotalitarianism diminishes the idea of individuality and destroys all chances of self-improvement, and human’s natural hunger for knowledge. In George Orwell’s famous novel, â€Å"1984†, totalitarianism is clearly seen in the exaggerated control of the state over every single citizen, everyday, everywhere. Totalitarianism can also be seen in the book â€Å"Brave New World† by Aldous Huxley, in which humans are synthetically made and conditioned for their predestinated purpose on earth. The lack of individualismRead MoreSummary Of George Orwell s Brave New World 1537 Words   |  7 Pagesnovels, 1984 by George Orwell and Brave New World by Aldous Huxley both showcases how the futuristic totalitarian governments take complete control of their societies. In 1984, the government does it by putting fear of Big Brother and the party into the people. Whereas in Brave New World, they control them by having people take soma, a drug which does not allow people to feel emotions or really anything. The views on love are similar but yet differ between the novels, in Brave New World, John, a savageRead MoreAnal ysis Of George Orwell s Brave New World 2696 Words   |  11 Pagesinterpretation. In such societies, responsibility is almost universally placed on an oppressive and inexorable state, denaturing what defines one as human. This can be applied to both the settings of ‘Brave New World and ‘1984’. However, both authors approach their respective dystopian visions in different ways. Orwell envisioned INGSOC, a state based on security and repressive surveillance, utilising totalitarianism forms of control. Whilst Huxley depicted a society held captive by profligate consumption

The Problem Of A Single Parent Families Of The White Bone...

You have probably heard of Madonna. An extremely famous and successful singer, songwriter, actress, and also, single mother. However, unlike Madonna, many single mothers are struggling to raise their children and also finding time for themselves. This has been a very common and reoccurring problem in Canada. â€Å"About 8 in 10 lone-parent families were female lone-parent families in 2011, accounting for 12.8% of all census families, while male lone-parent families represented 3.5% of all census families.† (Statistics Canada, 2011) In The White Bone by Barbara Gowdy, Mud, a pregnant female elephant, is faced with a similar problem. Mud was abandoned by her birth family and she was at the mercy of a passing family that generously took them in, the She-S family. Single motherhood is a raising concern because it is increasing over the years and with this it is becoming harder to be a single parent. The reason is because the difference of their wages which effects their ability to support the family, health issues that may result due to stress, and lastly, the behaviour and relationship between the mother and her child. Money is one of the most obvious issues that single mothers may deal with. As mentioned earlier, the average difference in salary between single mothers and single fathers exceeds almost $60,000 which makes it so that single mothers are more likely to struggle with money problems. This is because they earn less than a male typical because of their gender. The most

Gandhi s Life And Legacy - 1578 Words

MacKenzie Rugar Professor Gajanan Eastern Philosophy Final Paper 26 Apr. 2016 Gandhi’s Life and Legacy Throughout the course of history there have been many influential leaders that have stressed the use of non-violence and civil disobedience including Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. Gandhi was a very influential and inspiring leader that was able to lead billions of people. He was willing to give up everything for what he believed in even though he knew that his actions could possibly lead to imprisonment and other legal consequences. Gandhi’s bravery and perseverance led to changes that affected and influenced the whole world and brought about positive change for people whose voices would have went unheard. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Porbandar, Kathiawar, India. Gandhi’s father was the chief minister in different parts of India and his mother was very devoted to religion. Gandhi followed in both of his parents footsteps by devoting himself to religion and later pursuing an education and career in the law field . Also, at the age of thirteen he had an arranged marriage to a girl named Kasturba Makanji. After his marriage, Gandhi rebelled against his mother and stopped practicing Jainism and worshipping the Hindu God Vishnu. Jainism is an ancient religion in India that is based on morals and it stresses non-violence, fasting, meditation and vegetarianism (Mahatma Gandhi). Later in life, Gandhi traveled to London, England to study law and heShow MoreRelatedGandhi s Effect On The World1174 Words   |  5 Pagesmarch which had the Indian independence. Gandhi played a major role in the development of nonviolence and peace activities. Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi was the pre-eminent political and spiritual bellwether of India and the Indian independence movement. He had many adherents, and edified many how to protest placidly, instead of utilizing violence and war. Gandhi is a role model for many people today and is one of the most famous of all nonviolent activists. Gandhi made an immensely col ossal impact onRead MoreGandhi : Gandhi And Influential Religious Political Leaders Of The Twentieth Century1464 Words   |  6 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi was one of the most admired and influential religious political leaders of the twentieth century. Gandhi is acknowledged as the Father of the Nation or Bapu due to his astonishing contributions towards the independence of India, by becoming an amazing freedom fighter who led India as a leader of Nationalism, against British rule. Gandhi was one of such that believed in nonviolence, the unity of people, and bringing spirituality upon Indian politics. He worked incrediblyRead MoreGandhi : A Moral Exemplar1457 Words   |  6 PagesMahatma Gandhi is practically a household name worldly due to his non-violent activism work in both South Africa and India. In fact, he led India’s non-violence movement to liberation from British rule through acts of peaceful protest. To many, Gandhi is a moral exemplar, because despite crue l treatment, he avoided retaliation, while still accomplishing to rid his country of British tyranny. He also worked as an activist for many other humanitarian causes, such as poverty relief, religious causesRead MoreMahatma Gandhi And Nelson Mandela1447 Words   |  6 PagesIf Mahatma Gandhi never inspired Nelson Mandela to fulfill his vision for human rights, would Nelson Mandela have inspired Barack Obama to continue that legacy? Mahatma Gandhi practiced civil disobedience and lobbied for the rights of Indians in South Africa and India. Nelson Mandela hungered and fought for a South Africa, where all races were equal and unified as nationalists. Barack Obama sought to build a more tolerant United States through his historic presidency, immigration policies, andRead MoreGandhi : The World Of Mahatma Gandhi1320 Words   |  6 PagesKrupnik Comparative World Religions May 6, 2016 Research Paper: Gandhi Mohandas Karamchand Ghandi, better known to the world as Mahatma Gandhi is one of the world’s main faces when we think or talk of the Indian independence movements, women’s rights and all around freedom for humanity. This individual used strategies and tactics of his own to achieve justice for the Indian culture while he was alive. Gandhi also worked to reform traditional Indian society in India as he was a mahatmaRead MoreGandhi : An Indian Politician1164 Words   |  5 PagesMohandas Karamchand Gandhi born in 2 October 1869 in Porbandar and died in Delhi on January 30 1948, at the age of 78 years old. He is from a rich Hindouiste family of the caste of Vaishyas (caste of the traders), just below the caste of the members of a religious order of the warriors. He is the youngest of his 3 other brothers. He was a spiritual guide and an Indian politician. His father, Karamchand Gandhi, is Prime Minister of a small principality by inheritance of the privileges of his fami lyRead MoreMahatma Gandhi And The Indian National Congress1264 Words   |  6 PagesMahatma Gandhi is a non-violent protestor who joined a party called the Indian National Congress. Gandhi is known for his famous speeches and how he peacefully protested to gain his freedom and equal rights for all his fellow people in India from the British. Gandhi’s passion for wanting equal rights led everyone to freedom in India in 1947 when Gandhi was 78. In South Asia a person regarded with reverence or loving respect; a holy person or sage. Gandhi was born on October 2nd 1869 in ProbanderRead MoreLeadership Theory Of The Myers Briggs Test1185 Words   |  5 Pagesleadership qualities. Other individuals need to learn leadership skills. It takes a specific personality type to make a leader. The purpose of this paper is to identify my personality type through the Myers-Briggs test, discuss the leadership style of Gandhi and his similarities to my style in relation to nursing. Assessment Inventory The Myers-Briggs test was developed from Carl Jungs theory of â€Å"personality types† by Isabel Briggs Myers and her mother Katherine Briggs (Myers, I. B. 2000, pg 6). InRead MoreIndia Challenges Of India s Indian Movement Of Independence1477 Words   |  6 Pages2015 Gandhi challenges British rule in India When one imagines of the early 1940s’ Indian movement of independence, one figure readily clicks into the mind; the popular Mahatma Gandhi, who was an immensely leader in India. He was nicknamed Mahatma by most of his countrymen, a name that meant â€Å"The Great Soul†. This leader led to a remarkable change of the world far much beyond his sacrificial and successful struggle that led to the end of the British imperial rule in his nation, India. Gandhi believedRead MoreMahatma Gandhis Leadership Styles1655 Words   |  7 Pageslead. Mahatma Gandhi is a world renowned leader who was a politician, a writer, an intellectual and a gifted orator. I find it incredible that as a young boy, Gandhi did not display any leadership qualities. He was a below average student (lack-luster) and very shy. His remarkable metamorphosis from a dull boy to a brilliant leader attests to the fact that good leaders are made. He has inspired and motivated great leaders such as Albert Einstein, Nelson Mandela and Barack Obama. Gandhi championed passionately

Hinduism Essay examples - 555 Words

Hinduism Hinduism is the religion followed by the people of South Asia, mainly in India though. The term HInduism actually means what the Indians do and was applied to these people by Islamic Invaders. Hinduism is actually a mix of several differents ideals from different religions. Parts of it draw on the Vedic religion of the Aryan tribes from the north, some from the Dravidian civilization to the south, along with ideas from Buddhism. From the Dravidians came the beilief of intense devotion to the gods and the rituals for fertility and other such things. It is not known yet how the Vedic religion manifested into Hinduism. As in all civilizations of the time, the priests held high power and stature in society, but†¦show more content†¦This deity would then bring violence and destruction to the world. This ideal of women and of fertility is almostly directly to the beiliefs of the Dravidians. There are also many, many other gods besides these three main ones. Thats one of the distinguishing factors of Hinduism, the amount and the variety of gods that were used to explain events in life and life itself. Even with all of these gods out there, worshipers were to devote most of their worship at one specific deity. This did not mean that the other gods would strike back for not being worshipped, for each was worshipped by at least one person. This sense of unity amongst the gods and the people is brought out buy certain texts, such as the Bhagad-Gita. The purpose in life was to praise your deity to the best of your ability so as to get the gods favor. Religious duties were not only based on class, but also on gender and on age. The center of worship for these gods was the temple, some being simple and others being extremely elegant. Many of these temples had a beautiful statue of their deity. This statue was there for the diety to possess so that they could be worshipped by the people even more. To worship their deity, some would take part in puja, w hich was a service to the deity that involved bathing, clothing, or feeding the statue. Some people were even blessed enought to see their god, even if just for an instance. They calledShow MoreRelatedHinduism : Hinduism And Hinduism1140 Words   |  5 PagesPart One: Hinduism Worldview Hinduism is a panetheism belief system in which there are over 330 million different deities. They have a large number of different sects (Hindson and Caner 262-265). Hinduism starts with 3 Trimurti, or deities and ends with over 330 million different gods (Hindson and Caner 262-265). With an estimated 850 million followers (Halverson 1-8) . Hindus strongly believe in reincarnation, and karma. They believe that untill one reaches the highest state of purity, they willRead MoreHinduism And Buddhism And Hinduism1641 Words   |  7 PagesSo far we’ve learned about Hinduism and Buddhism in India two of the most common religions found in India. One of the many things about learning about different culture is the religion that is come with. Religion is one of the many things that are unique to each and every culture. Religion views are what make a group of individuals come together and form a community. In core 7 we are learning about Hinduism and Buddhism learning about India and their religion views has helped me see the world inRead MoreHinduism, Hinduism And Buddhism1205 Words   |  5 Pagesafterlife has become a controversial subject across many religions. Religions such as Hinduism and Buddhism have provided a multitude of similar and different analysis behind their specific beliefs and practices. Similar to many religions practiced around the world, Hinduism portrays a great amount of belief in worshipping gods that they believe play a special role in their history. Though when speaking of Hinduism, I should mention that it does not consist of a single, dominant religion. It is aRead MoreHinduism : Buddhism And Hinduism1045 Words   |  5 PagesSoutheast Asia, particularly India, is the birthplace of many religions. India is where these two religions arose: Buddhism and Hinduism. Hinduism is a very ancient belief system derived from the lifestyle of Southeast Asia. It still has a strong presence in its place of origin and it is characterized as a family of religions. An offspring of Hinduism, Buddhism is also a family of religions, except it has less of a strong presence in its place of birth. Yet, situated to the East area of the worldRead MoreHinduism, Islam, And Hinduism Essay1205 Words   |  5 Pagesthese principles often have a primary theme that they tend to suppor t. The major religions that are practiced b many people across the world are Christianity, Islam, and Hinduism. The three religions are practiced in different parts of the world depending on the beliefs of the population in a particular part of the world. Hinduism is a religion that is dominant in South Asia. In particular, the Hindu religion is mostly practiced in India than in other countries. Ranked as the third largest religionRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1390 Words   |  6 Pagesboth fall under the religions of Hinduism. Not only do the details of the pieces help explain the art, but so does the culture and the religion practiced at the time the piece was made. Hinduism is a major religion in India that is practiced by almost everyone. This is where they believe in one supreme being that has many different aspects. People who don’t understand Hinduism commonly mistake it with Buddhism due to the fact they share similar beliefs. Hinduism has the most affect on the cultureRead MoreBuddhism Vs Hinduism : Hinduism1573 Words   |  7 PagesBuddhism vs Hinduism Hinduism and Buddhism are two religions that are very open and tolerant of all people. They are religons that believe in acceptance of all and open-mindedness of other religons. Hinduism is the oldest religion on the planet that has been well established and still has a large following. To put it into perspective if religons were under 100 years old Hinduism would be 80 and Judaism and Christianity would still be in their 20s or 30s. Buddhism is also a long-standing religionRead MoreSimilarities Between Hinduism And Hinduism1560 Words   |  7 Pages and Buddha. Buddhism and Hinduism are two of the world’s oldest religion. Since Buddhism developed from Hinduism they can be very similar however, they are not the same because both religions have different types of rituals, founders, and gods. They also have different views on life and enlightenment. In this paper I will discuss the foundations and practices of both religions and then move into a discussion comparing and c ontrasting the two religions. 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Two main similarities between the Hindu religion and Christian religion are referred to by different titles; nevertheless they are represented by the same action. One example of these similarities would

Organizational Effectiveness

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Effectiveness . Answer: Introduction: Organizational Effectiveness helps the organization adjust within the peripheral environment, consolidating subsystems into the elevated work practice's performance mainly emphasizing on the learning and is having the capability to manage the relationships with the stakeholder. Organizational effectiveness is the organizational capacity for producing the required results by having the minimum expenditure related to money, energy, time, material and human resources. The organization operating efficiently is able to produce the products without waste. The organization effectiveness helps the organization achieve its goal of the profit making by selling and producing the products without the waste. In the business and the economic world, this may be exemplified as to maximizing the profits.Organization Effectiveness helps the organization in the preferred end point sustainable and outcomes that are self-renewing. This needs a shift in the practices and the mindset with respect to the ch anges in the organization, based on mutually authentic . The aim of the paper is to identify and discuss the two perspectives of the organizational effectiveness and how the organization applies such perspectives in the system. The key components of the effective organizations are the culture of the organizations, leadership and decision making by the management, the stakeholder perspective and the work processes and the system of the organization. These key elements are very important for the effective functioning and reaching the objectives of the organization. Trans Canada Liquor Store: The company that I will feature in the task for understanding the organizational effectiveness is the Trans Canada Liquor store. The TransCanada Liquoris conducted as the local business part of the liquor and beer stores category of the Canpages website. The store take pride for its services, innovative ideas related to the service offering to its consumers, conducive learning environment for the staff and a pool of the dedicated and the talented employees. The store fulfils its purpose of selling the wide variety of the beer, wine, and spirits to the consumers in a delightful manner and under the proper license of a liquor bar. The vision of the organization is to satisfy the consumer with its services with the role model of excellence, resilience, integrity and to remain committed towards their services. Culture Component: The culture of the store Trans Canada Liquor store is quite friendly as per the aspects of the consumers. The company treats its consumers with the trained staff in lieu of the liquor store . The store even provides the online services to the consumers. The open perspective system in the culture of the organization influences the external environment and enables the company to evolve and adapt. The company is quite flexible and adaptive to the changing needs and as per the expectations of the external environment. The best example of such process is implementing the online application and servicing the consumers at their doorsteps. The company is constantly improving the services and facilities based on the consumer suggestions and feedback. While working in the Trans Canada Liquor Store the company was planning for expansion in the services and to add new facilities for the consumers for the better experience in the store. Stakeholder Perspective: The other component which will discuss is the stakeholder perspective, stakeholders are the individuals who not only impact but are also impacted by the objectives and actions of the organization. Such component helps the organization to manage the needs, interest and stakeholders expectations. The company lacks holistically to its stakeholders. The company provides the stakeholders with the refreshing environment by constantly improving the services and the facilities and the pool of the dedicated service providers that are concerned and dedicated towards the consumer services. The proper communication with consumers, through feedback and complaint boxes, analyzes the reviews of clients online results into effectiveness in the organization. And such plans and strategies are also implemented by the company which is benefiting the environment and follow the recycle policies which promote the effectiveness of the company towards the stakeholders. Conclusion: In view of the fact that the organizational effectiveness is hard to be expressed in the concrete formula, the TransCanada liquor store may desire to position the results of estimation through the desired or the achieved specific goals. The turning up of the ineffective areas can too be extremely advantageous for the organization. The areas of improvement in the Transcanada liquor stores give the company a concrete strategy for its future. These changes also excite the consumers, shareholders and the workers about the new strategy. Also, the company treating its weaknesses gives itself the roadmap for the changes in the future in a great way to increase the organizational effectiveness.. Understanding the level of the organizational effectiveness is significant in numerous ways; as this serves the organizations as the check-in to observe that how well the internal processes are meeting the initial vision of the store (Dadallage, 2015). The investors, employees and donors are provided with the idea of the company strength and highlighting the areas which are ineffective and needs the improvements. In many of the businesses, the success or the failure is not measured as per the financial performances. The company making the profits currently may also be ineffective if the company fails to meet the core values of the organization mission statement, to retain and attract the talented workers and to plan for the next generation projects. Thus, the organizational effectiveness helps to measure the huge picture of the business performance, across the wide range of the criteria. The long-term planning, financial performance, internal structure, and loyalty to the foundation values may act as the critical components in consideration of the organizational effectiveness.

Analyze Contractual Relationship of Bill Ciara and Denis with Andy

Question: Discuss about the Analyze the Contractual Relationship of Bill Ciara and Denis with Andy. Answer: Issues Whether the advertisement placed by Andy is an offer or invitation? To analyze the contractual relationship of Bill, Ciara and Denis with Andy? Relevant law The contract law requires agreement, consideration, intention and capacity to make a valid contract.(Enshen, 2017) An agreement is the combination of offer and acceptance. An offer is a suggestion/proposal which is communicated amid an offeror and an offeree. An offer transfers his intention through a proposal and wish that the terms so communicated should be accepted. The offer when comes in the knowledge of the offeree makes an offer complete (Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co, 1893).(Julie, 2012) If any party wants to cancel his offer then an offeror must cancel the same before an acceptance is complete by an offeree. Any offer after an acceptance has no validity in law. the revocation must reach the offeree in order to be valid (Byrne v Van Tienhoven, (1880)).(Robert Bibi, 2017) In contract law, an invitation is considered not to be an offer. An invitation to treat is an act where a person by placing advertisements, or auctions, notices or tenders or display of goods, invites people to make proposal to the inviter, there making the prosper as offeror. The inviter should accept/reject the proposals/offers of the people to establish an agreement. In (Partridge v Crittenden , [1968] ) an advertisement is held not to be an offer but is an action of invitation to treat. The offeree upon receipt of the offer must confirm it to make a binding agreement. The confirmation is called acceptance and it should be come within the knowledge of the offeror to make any acceptance binding. Keeping the intention in the mind is not an acceptance, it must be communicated to the offeror to make an agreement. In(Felthouse v Bindley , (1862) ), an acceptance which is not communicated and keeping silence is disregarded as an acceptance in law. (Julie, 2012) An acceptance when made by post is complete when the letter is posted and not when the same comes in the knowledge of offeror and is held in (Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH, 1983).(Julie, 2012) When the offeree instated of accepting the offer brings variation to the terms of offer then it is no acceptance and is a counter offer which cancels the offer so made by the offeror. In (Hyde v Wrench , [1840] ) a counter offer is held to be no acceptance in law. The counter offer so made is a new offer. Also, an query by any offeree is not an acceptance in law and does not make an agreement amid the parties (Stevenson Jaques Co v McLean, (1880) ). (Robert Bibi, 2017) Application of law The law is now applied to the given facts, Issue 1 An advertisement is placed by Andy in the newspaper. Now, an advertisement is an invitation as per (Partridge v Crittenden , [1968] ) So, the advertisement by Andy on 30th March is an invitation and Andy must act as an offeree. So, he has invited people to offer to buy his computer for $ 2500. Contract with Bill Bill on 1st April an offer is made via telephone to buy the computer @ 3,000 to be payable in 3 months. This is an offer by Bill with specified terms. Andy should accept the offer of Bill to make an agreement but he denied the offer by saying that he wants to make a quick sale. Thus, by decoying the offer, Andy has terminated the offer and there is now no offer which can be later accepted by Andy. So, the letter which is posted by Bill on 5th April, that he is willing to accept the initial offer that is made by Andy has no relevance because the acceptance which is made by Bill is against the invitation to offer which is made by Andy. There is no offer to which Bill has shown his acceptable. He must make a new offer to Andy which should be accepted by Andy to make a contract. So, the letter by Bill has no relevance, thereby, does not make any contract. Contract with Ciara Ciara on 2nd April, a telephonic conversation took place with Andy wherein she offer to buy the computer @ 2100 but the cash is payable in seven days. Thus, an offer is made by Ciara to Andy through telephone which is heard by Andy. Thus, the offer is valid in law. This offer should be completely accepted by Andy to make an acceptance. But, Andy does not accept the offer of Ciara. But, he made counter statement according to which he replies that he will take $2300 which is payable in seven days time. So, as per (Hyde v Wrench , [1840] ) a counter offer is made which has terminated the offer of Ciara. Now, an offer is made by Andy to Ciara with new terms. Andy is an offeror now, and Ciara must accept the new offer to make a valid contract. Now, Ciara makes a query regarding the ability of the computer to burn DVD. Now, as per (Stevenson Jaques Co v McLean, (1880) ), no enquiry is an acceptance. So, no acceptance is still made by Ciara. Now, on 6th April, a letter of acceptance is posted by Ciara and as per(Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH, 1983)the acceptance is complete as soon as the letter is posted. The letter is received by Andy on 11th April bout it will not change the sanctity of the acceptance and there is concluding contract amid Andy and Ciara on 6th April. Now, Andy wants to cancel his offer and thus he posts a letter of revocation to Ciara on 3rd April. This cancellation is received by Ciara on 7th April. So the revocation is complete on the part of Ciara is when she comes within her knowledge, that is, 7th April. But, an acceptance is already made by Ciara, that is, on 6th, before the offer is relocated. So, the revocation is of no significance. Contract with Denis On 2nd April, a telephonic conversation took place amid Denis and Andy wherein Denis offer to buy the computer @ $2,400. He further submitted that if he does not receive any reply from Andy then he will consider the same as deem acceptance. Andy does not accept the offer and submits that he will think about the same and completely forgets about the same. Now, Andy has forgotten about the offer and no acceptance is made by him. His silence cannot be construed as an acceptance as per (Felthouse v Bindley , (1862) ) as communication of the same is prime to consider an acceptance complete and valid in law. So, there is no acceptance which is made by Andy. Later when Denis intends to collect the computer, then, he cannot do so because there is no acceptance that is made by Andy to the offer of Denis. Conclusion It is concluded, that Andy has established a valid contract with Ciara on 6th April when the letter of acceptance is posted by Ciara to Andy. There is no contract amid Andy and Bill because the offer which is made by Bill was not accepted by Andy and later there is no new offer which is made by Bill to Andy which is accepted by Andy to make a valid contract. Also, Denis cannot ask for the compute because the offer which is made by him is not accepted by Andy by making any express acceptance. Silence is no acceptance. Bibliography Brinkibon v Stahag Stahl und Stahlwarenhandelsgessellschaft mbH (1983). Byrne v Van Tienhoven ((1880)). Carlill v Carbolic Smoke Ball Co (1893). Enshen, l. (2017). Business and corporate law (Second edition. ed.). Sydney: Thomson Reuters (Professional) Australia Limited. Felthouse v Bindley ((1862) ). Hyde v Wrench ([1840] ). Julie, C. (2012). Agreement. Retrieved May 10, 2017, from Australian Contract Law: https://www.australiancontractlaw.com/law/formation-agreement.html Partridge v Crittenden ([1968] ). Robert, M., Bibi, S. (2017, May 9). Termination of an offer. Australia. Stevenson Jaques Co v McLean ((1880) ).

Why people in America smoke cigarettes an Example by

Why people in America smoke cigarettes despite their proven dangers None of the much flaunted appeals of cigarette advertisers, such as superior taste and mildness, induce us to become smokers or to prefer one brand in preference to another. Regardless of the emphasis put on such qualities by advertisers, they are small considerations. Smoking is as much an emotional enjoyment as it is a physiological satisfaction. What is the nature of this psychological pleasure? It can be traced to the common desire for self-expression. None of us ever totally outgrows his childhood. We are continually hunting for the carefree enjoyment we knew as children. As we grew older, we had to subordinate our pleasures to work and to the need for continuous effort. Smoking, for numerous of us, then, became a replacement for our early habit of following the whims of the moment; it becomes a valid reason for interrupting work and snatching a moment of pleasure. Smoking is frequently just a conditioned reflex. Need essay sample on "Why people in America smoke cigarettes despite their proven dangers" topic? We will write a custom essay sample specifically for you Proceed Certain situations, such as coming out of the subway, beginning and ending work, voluntary and involuntary interruptions of work, feelings of hunger, and several others regulate the timetable of smoking. Frequently a smoker might not even want a cigarette chiefly, however he will see someone else take one and then he feels that he must have one, too. While too many people think smoking is fun, and a reward in itself, its more frequently accompanies other pleasures. At meals, a cigarette is somewhat like another course. In general, smoking introduces a holiday spirit into daily living. It rounds out other forms of enjoyment and makes them one hundred per cent satisfactory. In addition, the fact that cigarette smoking is unsafe to your health is barely new information. Cigarette smoking is the single most unnecessary cause of disease and early death in the United States. So why do American continue to smoke? There are lots of reasons, you generally start for one reason or another and then it is really hard to quit. It is, but you can, lots of people do. Lung cancer caused by smoking is now the top female cancer killer, claiming 27,000 more women's lives each year than breast cancer and more teenage girls (about 30 percent) are smoking now than they did 10 years ago. Thats a big increase. So why do people smoke? Nicotine acts in the brain where it can stimulate feelings of pleasure, and pleasure feels good! It as well will work as an appetite suppressant for various people; other people believe it relieves stress. : Who wants to write essay for me? Essay writers recommend: Help With Essay Writing Essay Writing Help Company Paper Writers For Hire Cheap Writing Service Reviews Essay Company Moreover, smoking is one of the deadliest weapons of mass destruction and you can buy it at your nearest convenient store. Its killing more than seven people every minute. Thats more than 3.7 million people each year. More Americans die from cigarette-related illnesses than car accidents, AIDS, alcohol, suicide, homicide and illegal drugs combined, and according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, roughly 80 percent of adult smokers started smoking before the age of 18. Thats 3,000 children that become regular smokers each day. Now more than five million children living these days will die prematurely because of a decision they will make as adolescents the decision to smoke cigarettes. Fortunately, there are people out there trying to help others kick their bad habits. The effects of second-hand smoke, or passive smoking, has been debated and extensively studied, however they are still not completely clear. Major organizations, including the American Heart Association and US Surgeon General have stated that passive smoke poses a 30% increase in the risk of heart disease. One analysis of studies suggested that exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke might increase the risk of lung cancer in the nonsmoker by about 25%. Moreover, smoking also harmfully affects male sexuality and fertility. Heavy smoking is normally cited as a contributory factor in impotence in men for the reason that it decreases the amount of blood flowing into the penis. One study noted, for instance, that among men with high blood pressure, smoking causes a 26-fold increase in impotence. Smoking also affects fertility. It impairs sperm motility, reduces sperm lifespan, and might cause genetic changes that affect the offspring. Moreover, mothers who smoke while pregnant run a risk of ectopic pregnancy. This is particularly viable when the mother is a heavy smoker during the first trimester of her pregnancy. Ectopic pregnancy refers to the state wherein the embryo is embedded outside the uterus, which is different to what normal pregnancy should be. Generally, it is embedded in the fallopian tube. In this way, the fetus has to be removed for the reason that this kind of pregnancy will never survive. This fetus will never survive outside of the uterus where a fetus gets all the nourishment and protection that it needs. Prolonging this condition will only risk the mothers life. Furthermore, smoking cigarettes during pregnancy increases the probability that the mother will develop complications in the placenta. Reports show that placental problems are in fact happening in about 1% of pregnancies. Another problem with smoking cigarettes during pregnancy is the deterioration of fetal growth. Moreover, cigarette s moking during pregnancy results in low infant birth weight. For several years now reports have shown that there have been important differences among babies with mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy and those who have non-cigarette smoking mothers. References: Smoking, Retrieved on March 13, 2007 The Dangers of smoking Why Do You Smoke? National Institutes of Health

The eNotes Blog This Is Not My Hat Wins the 2013 CaldecottMedal

This Is Not My Hat Wins the 2013 CaldecottMedal A couple of years ago, I was going about my Sunday chores and listening to NPRs  Weekend Edition  with Scott Simon.   A writer of childrens books myself and a lover of childrens literature in general, my ears always perk up when Daniel Pinkwater comes on the show to discuss a new childrens book.   The one he selected for this program was I Want My Hat Back  by Jon Klassen. I was captivated by the deceptively simple story and delighted in Simon and Pinkwaters animated reading of the book and their descriptions of Klaussens illustrations.   It seemed to me to strike the right balance of humor and a bit of angst, just right for the 4-to-8 year old set.   (You can listen to that broadcast here.) Of course, I wasnt alone in my delight. Klaussens book went on to become a #1 New York Times bestseller, winning a place on its list of Best Books of 2011, and also nabbing the Theodore Geisel Honor (Dr. Seuss) that same year as well. This year, Klaussen followed his runaway hit with  This Is Not My Hat,  and again found popular and critical success, ultimately winning the Caldecott Award, the highest honor for an illustrated childrens book.   In this story, a tiny fish comes upon a round top hat which fits him perfectlyand all will be well, unless the enormous fish to whom it belongs wakes up. Hats and childrens books have a long history.   Here are some examples which you might also recall fondly: Curious George (Original Edition) by H.A. Rey   Caps for Sale  by Esphyr Slobodkina Madeline and the Bad Hat  by Ludwig Bemelmans Go, Dog, Go!  by P.D. Eastman

Lab Report #2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

#2 - Lab Report Example Measurement is an essential aspect mainly utilized in the scientific field to quantify diverse forms of matter. This entails determining the objects’, quantity of matter, volume and their densities (Wilson & Cecilia 242). However, an object’s exact measurement despite one being an expert, accuracy mainly relies on the equipments a person utilizes to take diverse measurements. This is due to the imperfections, which result from the equipments’ errors while a researcher is taking measurements of different types of matter or their parts. Therefore, it is essential for the researcher to have adequate knowledge regarding how to minimize errors via being able to manipulate the readings one attains while measuring. Since this varies across the equipments, where some are complex especially if one lacks proper knowhow regarding particular equipment (Wilson & Cecilia 39). The study’s focus encompasses measurements of diverse objects coupled with determining their l engths, mass, volume and densities. 1. The initial step was to take the readings of a copper wire with the help of a metric ruler. This is by placing the wire on the metric rule, reading the positions of the two sides and estimating the readings to approximately tenth of a millimeter. Then developing four sets of independent measurements to approximately 0.01cm in centimeters by estimating using diverse parts of the meter rule 3. The diameter of the copper wire was measured with the aid of a micrometer caliper where the measurements’ approximation was 0.0001cm. To increase the accuracy of the study, it entailed obtaining six independent recordings in a table. Despite the experiment carried out with high level of keenness to shun any possible errors that may emanate from carelessness or readings’ improper taking, they were inevitable. Mainly, the source of errors in this study that have prompted the results to deviate from the ordinary expected

Benchmarking Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Benchmarking - Essay Example There years later, the Company went public, with a valuation of $300 million and commenced sales of the GeneChip system. At the time of the public offering, Affymatrix’s R&D expenses were $12.4 million but by the year 2000, its expenses had risen to $57.4 million and its product sales were $173 million (www.atp.nist.gov). Sources of funding for Affymetrix R&D work have been primarily through licenses and patents and collaborative partnerships with several firms to test out its products. Companies with whom Affymetrix worked in the initial stages include Hewlett Packard, Genetics Institute, Incyte, Glaxo and Perlegen. By 2000, Affymetrix had 105 patents with 10% of the company income contributed by license and patent fees (www.atop.nist.gov). Additional sources of funds are Government and research grants, which are a part of the Company strategy to maintain an academic environment without sacrificing entrepreneurship. This strategy also helped to attract a pool of talented researchers who were thus able to develop marketable products of economic value for the Company. Net income reported by the Company for the third quarter of 2005 was $8.7million as compared to $15.4 million the same time last quarter.(www.corporate-ir.net). But in contrast, other biotech companies all reported earnings higher than expected for the third quarter of 2005, with the Burill Biotech Select index rising on a steady basis and most of the recent IPO graduates are doing quite well.(www.altassets.com). It is only Affumetrix that has reported a drop of 16% in share prices from $0.24 per diluted share in the third quarter of 2004 to $0.13 per diluted share for the third quarter of 2005. As compared to the third quarter of 2004 when operating costs were $65.1 million and revenues were $2.7 million, the third quarter of 2005 showed an increase in

HISTORY From Poverty to Social Exclusion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

HISTORY From Poverty to Social Exclusion - Essay Example (NEW YORK TIMES 1909) A wealthy businessman, Seebohm Rowntree is well known for his in depth analysis of poverty. When concentrating on this particular time period, he stated that in the 1890s, it was low wages that was the major cause of poverty in Great Britain (ROWNTREE 2008). The problem of unemployment was especially important in bringing about poverty in late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. "More than one-quarter of the years from 1834 to 1911 were plagued by high levels of cyclical unemployment". If a worker was unemployed for more than a couple of weeks, he would find himself in economic distress, and would have to look for government support. (BOYER 2004) A very important factor that led to poverty was widowhood. In case of the death of a husband, women were generally left without any earning family member to support them. This problem arose because at the time, it was not as easy for women to get a job as it is today. The opportunity to get a job for women was easy in the textile centers of the country, but was negligible in the mining and industrial towns. In these areas, therefore, women became victims of acute poverty when left without husbands.

Symbolism in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- essays re

Symbolism in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Like many of Edgar Allen Poe's works, 'The Tell-Tale Heart' is full of death and darkness. Poe used many of the real life tragedies he experienced as inspiration for his gothic style of writing. Poe dealt with many aspects of death and madness in his stories, madness again is playing a key role in the plot. In this short story Poe used literary devices such as point of view and symbolism to give it a more dramatic effect and add to the madness the narrator portrays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe's use of the point of view device is very evident in ?The Tell-Tale Heart?. The madman that speaks through the entire story talks in an unreliable first person view. Because of the man?s obvious madness you are not sure what is taking place in the introduction and what the actual events of the story were. Although there is a definite madness in the man?s attitude and he is constantly aware of it yet he makes many claims that he is not mad at all. ?You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded-with what caution-with what foresight-with what dissimulation I went to work!?Ha!-would a madman have been so wise as this He is obviously well aware of his madness but he tries to justify it by saying that he is not mad because he puts so much effort and wisdom into his deeds. It is kind of an ironic statement that he justifies his madness in the wisdom he shows in the insane act itself. This is like a student saying he is not cheating because he had to ?do work? to get the plagiarism. There is ironically no ?method to the madness? in his argument. After the narrator commits the murder he again tries to justify his present madness. ?If still you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body. The night waned, and I worked hastily, but in silence.? Even after the thought of possible murder has left his mind and he has done the act, he again justifies his deeds by his precautions. In his mind things are not what they actually are in reality in the least bit. In another part of the story the narrator tries to explain wha t he says we see as his madness. ?And now have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over-acuteness of the senses The resulting madness the narra... ...The end of the story however is when the heartbeat really does take on meaning though. Even though he had been good to get rid of the body and the policemen in his house did not suspect anything, it was the ?beating of the heart? that gave him away. ?The ringing became more distinct:?until, at length, I found that the noise was not within my ears?I gasped for breath-and yet the officers heard it not?It grew louder-louder-louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled?no, no! They heard!-they suspected!-they knew!-they were making a mockery of my horror!-this I thought, and this I think?I felt that I must scream or die!-and now-again!-hark! louder! louder! louder! louder! louder!? I think that the beating of the heart the narrator is his guilt for killing the old man, and just like in the old man's room, it derived from his madness. His madness was the thing that drove to murder and to confess to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?The Tell-Tale heart is kind of saying that your own heart knows what you?ve done and in the long run guilt will find you out. In this story Poe used point of view and symbolism together so that this truth could be seen actually how it is written. Symbolism in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Essay -- essays re Symbolism in The Tell-Tale Heart by Edgar Allen Poe Like many of Edgar Allen Poe's works, 'The Tell-Tale Heart' is full of death and darkness. Poe used many of the real life tragedies he experienced as inspiration for his gothic style of writing. Poe dealt with many aspects of death and madness in his stories, madness again is playing a key role in the plot. In this short story Poe used literary devices such as point of view and symbolism to give it a more dramatic effect and add to the madness the narrator portrays.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Poe's use of the point of view device is very evident in ?The Tell-Tale Heart?. The madman that speaks through the entire story talks in an unreliable first person view. Because of the man?s obvious madness you are not sure what is taking place in the introduction and what the actual events of the story were. Although there is a definite madness in the man?s attitude and he is constantly aware of it yet he makes many claims that he is not mad at all. ?You fancy me mad. Madmen know nothing. But you should have seen me. You should have seen how wisely I proceeded-with what caution-with what foresight-with what dissimulation I went to work!?Ha!-would a madman have been so wise as this He is obviously well aware of his madness but he tries to justify it by saying that he is not mad because he puts so much effort and wisdom into his deeds. It is kind of an ironic statement that he justifies his madness in the wisdom he shows in the insane act itself. This is like a student saying he is not cheating because he had to ?do work? to get the plagiarism. There is ironically no ?method to the madness? in his argument. After the narrator commits the murder he again tries to justify his present madness. ?If still you think me mad, you will think so no longer when I describe the wise precautions I took for the concealment of the body. The night waned, and I worked hastily, but in silence.? Even after the thought of possible murder has left his mind and he has done the act, he again justifies his deeds by his precautions. In his mind things are not what they actually are in reality in the least bit. In another part of the story the narrator tries to explain wha t he says we see as his madness. ?And now have I not told you that what you mistake for madness is but over-acuteness of the senses The resulting madness the narra... ...The end of the story however is when the heartbeat really does take on meaning though. Even though he had been good to get rid of the body and the policemen in his house did not suspect anything, it was the ?beating of the heart? that gave him away. ?The ringing became more distinct:?until, at length, I found that the noise was not within my ears?I gasped for breath-and yet the officers heard it not?It grew louder-louder-louder! And still the men chatted pleasantly, and smiled?no, no! They heard!-they suspected!-they knew!-they were making a mockery of my horror!-this I thought, and this I think?I felt that I must scream or die!-and now-again!-hark! louder! louder! louder! louder! louder!? I think that the beating of the heart the narrator is his guilt for killing the old man, and just like in the old man's room, it derived from his madness. His madness was the thing that drove to murder and to confess to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  ?The Tell-Tale heart is kind of saying that your own heart knows what you?ve done and in the long run guilt will find you out. In this story Poe used point of view and symbolism together so that this truth could be seen actually how it is written.

Carl rogers Essay

Carl Rogers (1902-1987) was a humanistic psychologist who agreed with the main assumptions of Abraham Maslow, but added that for a person to â€Å"grow†, they need an environment that provides them with genuineness (openness and self-disclosure), acceptance (being seen with unconditional positive regard), and empathy (being listened to and understood). Without these, relationships and healthy personalities will not develop as they should, much like a tree will not grow without sunlight and water. Rogers believed that every person can achieve their goals, wishes and desires in life. When, or rather if they did so, self actualization took place. This was one of Carl Rogers most important contributions to psychology and for a person to reach their potential a number of factors must be satisfied. Self Actualization â€Å"The organism has one basic tendency and striving – to actualize, maintain, and enhance the experiencing organism† (Rogers, 1951, p. 487). Rogers rejected the deterministic nature of both psychoanalysis and behaviorism and maintained that we behave as we do because of the way we perceive our situation. â€Å"As no one else can know how we perceive, we are the best experts on ourselves.† Carl Rogers (1959) believed that humans have one basic motive, that is the tendency to self-actualize – i.e. to fulfill one’s potential and achieve the highest level of ‘human-beingness’ we can. Like a flower that will grow to its full potential if the conditions are right, but which is constrained by its environment, so people will flourish and reach their potential if their environment is good enough. However, unlike a flower, the potential of the individual human is unique, and we are meant to develop in different ways according to our personalit y. Rogers believed that people are inherently good and creative. They become destructive only when a poor self-concept or external constraints override the valuing process. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. This means that self-actualization occurs when a person’s â€Å"ideal self† (i.e. who they would like to be) is congruent with their actual behavior (self-image). Rogers describes an individual who is actualizing as a fully functioning person.  The main determinant of whether we will become self-actualized is childhood experience. The Fully Functioning Person Rogers believed that every person could achieve their goals wishes, and desires in life. When they did so self-actualization took place. For Rogers (1961) people who are able be self-actualize, and that is not all of us, are called fully functioning persons. This means that the person is in touch with the here and now, his or her subjective experiences and feelings, continually growing and changing. In many ways Rogers regarded the fully functioning person as an ideal and one that people do not ultimately achieve. It is wrong to think of this as an end or completion of life’s journey; rather it is a process of always becoming and changing. Rogers identified five characteristics of the fully functioning person: 1. Open to experience: both positive and negative emotions accepted. Negative feelings are not denied, but worked through (rather than resort to ego defence mechanisms). 2. Existential living: in touch with different experiences as they occur in life, avoiding prejudging and preconceptions. Being able to live and fully appreciate the present, not always looking back to the past or forward to the future (i.e. living for the moment). 3. Trust feelings: feeling, instincts and gut-reactions are paid attention to and trusted. People’s own decisions are the right ones and we should trust ourselves to make the right choices. 4. Creativity: creative thinking and risk taking are features of a person’s life. Person does not play safe all the time. This involves the ability to adjust and change and seek new experiences. 5. Fulfilled life: person is happy and satisfied with life, and always looking for new challenges and experiences. For Rogers, fully functioning people are well adjusted, well balanced and interesting to know. Often such people are high achievers in society. Critics claim that the fully functioning person is a product of Western culture. In other cultures, such as Eastern cultures, the achievement of the group is valued more highly than the achievemen t of any one person. Personality Development Central to Rogers’ personality theory is the notion of self or self-concept. This is defined as â€Å"the organized, consistent set of perceptions and beliefs about oneself†. The self is the humanistic term for who we really are as a  person. The self is our inner personality, and can be likened to the soul, or Freud’s psyche. The self is influenced by the experiences a person has in their life, and out interpretations of those experiences. Two primary sources that influence our self-concept are childhood experiences and evaluation by others. According to Rogers (1959), we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unaccept able to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. The humanistic approach states that the self is composed of concepts unique to ourselves. The self-concept includes three components: Self worth (or self-esteem) – what we think about ourselves. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. Self-image – How we see ourselves, which is important to good psychological health. Self-image includes the influence of our body image on inner personality. At a simple level, we might perceive ourselves as a good or bad person, beautiful or ugly. Self-image has an affect on how a person thinks feels and behaves in the world. Ideal self – This is the person who we would like to be. It consists of our goals and ambitions in life, and is dynamic – i.e. forever changing. The ideal self in childhood is not the ideal self in our teens or late twenties etc. Self Worth and Positive Regard Carl Rogers (1951) viewed the child as having two basic needs: positive regard from other people and self-worth. How we think about ourselves, our feelings of self-worth are of fundamental importance both to psychological health and to the likelihood that we can achieve goals and ambitions in life and achieve self-actualization. Self-worth may be seen as a continuum from very high to very low. For Carl Rogers (1959) a person who has high self-worth, that is, has confidence and positive feelings about him or her self, faces challenges in life, accepts failure and unhappiness at times, and is open with people. A person with low self-worth may avoid challenges in life, not accept that life can be painful and unhappy at times, and will  be defensive and guarded with other people. Rogers believed feelings of self-worth developed in early childhood and were formed from the interaction of the child with the mother and father. As a child grows older, interactions with significant others wi ll affect feelings of self-worth. Rogers believed that we need to be regarded positively by others; we need to feel valued, respected, treated with affection and loved. Positive regard is to do with how other people evaluate and judge us in social interaction. Rogers made a distinction between unconditional positive regard and conditional positive regard. Unconditional positive regard is where parents, significant others (and the humanist therapist) accepts and loves the person for what he or she is. Positive regard is not withdrawn if the person does something wrong or makes a mistake. The consequences of unconditional positive regard are that the person feels free to try things out and make mistakes, even though this may lead to getting it worse at times. People who are able to self-actualize are more likely to have received unconditional positive regard from others, especially their parents in childhood. Conditional positive regard is where positive regard, praise and approval, depend upon the child, for example, behaving in ways that the parents think correct. Hence the child is not loved for the person he or she is, but on condition that he or she behaves only in ways approved by the parent(s). At the extreme, a person who constantly seeks approval from other people is likely only to have experienced conditional positive regard as a child. Congruence A person’s ideal self may not be consistent with what actually happens in life and experiences of the person. Hence, a difference may exist between a person’s ideal self and actual experience. This is called incongruence. Where a person’s ideal self and actual experience are consistent or very similar, a state of congruence exists. Rarely, if ever does a total state of congruence exist; all people experience a certain amount of incongruence. The development of congruence is dependent on unconditional positive regard. Carl Rogers believed that for a person to achieve self-actualization they must be in a state of congruence. According to Rogers, we want to feel, experience and behave in ways which are consistent with our self-image and which reflect what we would like to be like, our ideal-self. The closer our  self-image and ideal-self are to each other, the more consistent or congruent we are and the higher our sense of self-worth. A person is said to be in a state of incongruence if some of the totality of their experience is unacceptable to them and is denied or distorted in the self-image. Incongruence is â€Å"a discrepancy between the actual experience of the organism and the self-picture of the individual insofar as it represents that experience. As we prefer to see ourselves in ways that are consistent with our self-image, we may use defense mechanisms like denial or repression in order to feel less threatened by some of what we consider to be our undesirable feelings. A person whose self-concept is incongruent with her or his real feelings and experiences will defend because the truth hurts. Carl Rogers Quotes â€Å"When I look at the world I’m pessimistic, but when I look at people I am optimistic.† â€Å"The very essence of the creative is its novelty, and hence we have no standard by which to judge it† (Rogers, 1961, p. 351). â€Å"I have gradually come to one negative conclusion about the good life. It seems to me that the good life is not any fixed state. It is not, in my estimation, a state of virtue, or contentment, or nirvana, or happiness. It is not a condition in which the individual is adjusted or fulfilled or actualized. To use psychological terms, it is not a state of drive-reduction, or tension-reduction, or homeostasis† (Rogers, 1967, p. 185-186). â€Å"The good life is a process, not a state of being. It is a direction not a destination† (Rogers, 1967, p. 187). References Rogers, C. (1951). Client-centered Therapy: Its Current Practice, Implications and Theory. London: Constable. Rogers, C. (1959). A Theory of Therapy, Personality and Interpersonal Relationships as Developed in the Client-centered Framework. In (ed.) S. Koch, Psychology: A Study of a Science. Vol. 3: Formulations of the Person and the Social Context. New York: McGraw Hill. Rogers, C. R. (1961). On Becoming a Person-A Psychotherapists View of Psychotherapy. Rogers, C. R., Stevens, B., Gendlin, E. T., Shlien, J. M., & Van Dusen, W. (1967).Person to person: The problem of being human: A new trend in psychology.Lafayette, CA: Real People Press.